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      International Journal of Nanomedicine (submit here)

      This international, peer-reviewed Open Access journal by Dove Medical Press focuses on the application of nanotechnology in diagnostics, therapeutics, and drug delivery systems throughout the biomedical field. Sign up for email alerts here.

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      Is Open Access

      Application of liposomal technologies for delivery of platinum analogs in oncology

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          Abstract

          Platinum-based chemotherapy, such as cisplatin, oxaliplatin, and carboplatin, is one of the most widely utilized classes of cancer therapeutics. While highly effective, the clinical applications of platinum-based drugs are limited by their toxicity profiles as well as suboptimal pharmacokinetic properties. Therefore, one of the key research areas in oncology has been to develop novel platinum analog drugs and engineer new platinum drug formulations to improve the therapeutic ratio further. Such efforts have led to the development of platinum analogs including nedaplatin, heptaplatin, and lobaplatin. Moreover, reformulating platinum drugs using liposomes has resulted in the development of L-NDPP (Aroplatin™), SPI-77, Lipoplatin™, Lipoxal™, and LiPlaCis®. Liposomes possess several attractive biological activities, including biocompatibility, high drug loading, and improved pharmacokinetics, that are well suited for platinum drug delivery. In this review, we discuss the various platinum drugs and their delivery using liposome-based drug delivery vehicles. We compare and contrast the different liposome platforms as well as speculate on the future of platinum drug delivery research.

          Most cited references134

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          Amphipathic polyethyleneglycols effectively prolong the circulation time of liposomes.

          Incorporation of dioleoyl N-(monomethoxy polyethyleneglycol succinyl)phosphatidylethanolamine (PEG-PE) into large unilamellar liposomes composed of egg phosphatidylcholine:cholesterol (1:1) does not significantly increase the content leakage when the liposomes are exposed to 90% human serum at 37 degrees C, yet the liposomes show a significant increase in the blood circulation half-life (t1/2 = 5 h) as compared to those without PEG-PE(t1/2 less than 30 min). The PEG-PE's activity to prolong the circulation time of liposomes is greater than that of the ganglioside GM1, a well-described glycolipid with this activity. Another amphipathic PEG derivative, PEG stearate, also prolongs the liposome circulation time, although its activity is less than that of GM1. Amphipathic PEGs may be useful for the sustained release and the targeted drug delivery by liposomes.
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            Sterically stabilized liposomes: improvements in pharmacokinetics and antitumor therapeutic efficacy.

            The results obtained in this study establish that liposome formulations incorporating a synthetic polyethylene glycol-derivatized phospholipid have a pronounced effect on liposome tissue distribution and can produce a large increase in the pharmacological efficacy of encapsulated antitumor drugs. This effect is substantially greater than that observed previously with conventional liposomes and is associated with a more than 5-fold prolongation of liposome circulation time in blood, a marked decrease in uptake by tissues such as liver and spleen, and a corresponding increased accumulation in implanted tumors. These and other properties described here have expanded considerably the prospects of liposomes as an effective carrier system for a variety of pharmacologically active macromolecules.
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              Prolonged circulation time and enhanced accumulation in malignant exudates of doxorubicin encapsulated in polyethylene-glycol coated liposomes.

              In preclinical studies, a doxorubicin liposome formulation containing polyethylene-glycol (Doxil) shows a long circulation time in plasma, enhanced accumulation in murine tumors, and a superior therapeutic activity over free (unencapsulated) doxorubicin (DOX). The purpose of this study was to characterize the pharmacokinetics of Doxil in cancer patients in comparison with free DOX and examine its accumulation in malignant effusions. The pharmacokinetics of doxorubicin and/or liposome-associated doxorubicin were analyzed in seven patients after injections of equivalent doses of free DOX and Doxil and in an additional group of nine patients after injection of Doxil only. Two dose levels were examined, 25 and 50 mg/m2. When possible, drug levels were also measured in malignant effusions. The plasma elimination of Doxil followed a biexponential curve with half-lives of 2 and 45 h (median values), most of the dose being cleared from plasma under the longer half-life. Nearly 100% of the drug detected in plasma after Doxil injection was in liposome-encapsulated form. A slow plasma clearance (0.1 liter/h for Doxil versus 45 liters/h for free DOX) and a small volume of distribution (4 liters for Doxil versus 254 liters for free DOX) are characteristic of Doxil. Doxorubicin metabolites were detected in the urine of Doxil-treated patients with a pattern similar to that reported for free DOX, although the overall urinary excretion of drug and metabolites was significantly reduced. Doxil treatment resulted in a 4- to 16-fold enhancement of drug levels in malignant effusions, peaking between 3 to 7 days after injection. Stomatitis related to Doxil occurred in 5 of 15 evaluable patients and appears to be the most significant side effect in heavily pretreated patients. The results of this study are consistent with preclinical findings indicating that the pharmacokinetics of doxorubicin are drastically altered using Doxil and follow a pattern dictated by the liposome carrier. The enhanced drug accumulation in malignant effusions is apparently related to liposome longevity in circulation. Further clinical investigation is needed to establish the relevance of these findings with regard to the ability of liposomes to modify the delivery of doxorubicin to solid tumors and its pattern of antitumor activity.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Int J Nanomedicine
                Int J Nanomedicine
                International Journal of Nanomedicine
                Dove Medical Press
                1176-9114
                1178-2013
                2013
                2013
                26 August 2013
                : 8
                : 3309-3319
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
                [2 ]Laboratory of Nano- and Translational Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Andrew Z Wang, Laboratory of Nano and Translational Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA, Email andrew_wang@ 123456med.unc.edu
                Wenbin Lin, Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA, Tel +1 773 834 7163, Fax +1 773 702 0805, Email wenbinlin@ 123456uchicago.edu
                Article
                ijn-8-3309
                10.2147/IJN.S38354
                3767488
                24023517
                c0e9877b-51f7-46a8-a516-a2db6bd9c868
                © 2013 Liu et al. This work is published by Dove Medical Press Ltd, and licensed under Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License

                The full terms of the License are available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Ltd, provided the work is properly attributed.

                History
                Categories
                Review

                Molecular medicine
                liposome,platinum analog,drug delivery,cancer
                Molecular medicine
                liposome, platinum analog, drug delivery, cancer

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