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      Latent potentials of camel’s milk

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          Abstract

          In a recent study (Zhang et al. in Eur Food Res Technol 10.1007/s00217-021-03952-2, 2022), a detailed description of the endogenous bioactive peptides in the milk of Dromedary and Bactrian camel was reported. The authors described multiple endogenous peptides that may contribute to the therapeutic benefits of camel milk thereby uncovering latent potential of camel milk.

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          Old World camels in a modern world – a balancing act between conservation and genetic improvement

          P Burger, E Ciani, B. Faye (2019)
          Summary Old World camels have served humans in cross‐continental caravans, transporting people and goods, connecting different cultures and providing milk, meat, wool and draught since their domestication around 3000–6000 years ago. In a world of modern transport and fast connectivity, these beasts of burden seem to be out‐dated. However, a growing demand for sustainable milk and meat production, especially in countries affected by climate change and increasing desertification, brings dromedaries (Camelus dromedarius) and Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus) back onstage and into the focus of animal breeders and scientists. In this review on the molecular genetics of these economically important species we give an overview about the evolutionary history, domestication and dispersal of Old World camels, whereas highlighting the need for conservation of wild two‐humped camels (Camelus ferus) as an evolutionarily unique and highly endangered species. We provide cutting‐edge information on the current molecular resources and on‐going sequencing projects. We cannot emphasise enough the importance of balancing the need for improving camel production traits with maintaining the genetic diversity in two domestic species with specific physiological adaptation to a desert environment.
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            Genetic diversity and population structure of Mongolian domestic Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus)

            B Chuluunbat, P Charruau, K Silbermayr … (2014)
            The tradition of animal husbandry in the context of a nomadic lifestyle has been of great significance in the Mongolian society. Both Bactrian camels and horses have been invaluable for the survival and development of human activities in the harsh arid environment of the Mongolian steppe. As camels offer unique and sustainable opportunities for livestock production in marginal agro-ecological zones, we investigated the current genetic diversity of three local Mongolian camel breeds and compared their levels of variation with common native Mongolian camels distributed throughout the country. Based on mitochondrial and nuclear markers, we found levels of genetic diversity in Mongolian populations similar to that reported for Chinese Bactrian camels and for dromedaries. Little differentiation was detected between single breeds, except for a small group originating from the northwestern Mongolian Altai. We found neither high inbreeding levels in the different breeds nor evidence for a population decline. Although the Mongolian camel census size has severely declined over the past 20 years, our analyses suggest that there still exists a stable population with adequate genetic variation for continued sustainable utilization.
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              Influence of camel milk on the hepatitis C virus burden of infected patients

              Esmail Mohamad El-Fakharany, Nawal El-Baky, Mustafa Hassan Linjawi … (2017)
              Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection represents a world health problem and no protective vaccine or effective drug currently exists. For economic reasons, many patients use traditional medicines to control the infection. In Egypt, camel milk is one of the traditional medicines widely consumed by patients infected with HCV. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of camel milk in the treatment of patients infected with HCV. Whole camel milk from a local farm was administered to patients for 4 months (250 ml/day/patient). Patient sera were collected prior to and following camel milk drinking, and three markers were set-up for sera-evaluation. The three markers indicating the effect of camel milk on HCV infection were: Liver function assays [alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)]; a viral load assay; and anti-HCV antibodies profile and isotyping against synthetic HCV epitopes. Camel milk demonstrated the ability to improve general fatigue, health and liver function (ALT and AST levels); ALT was reduced in ~88% of patients and AST was reduced in all patients subsequent to drinking camel milk for four months. The majority of patients responded positively to camel milk treatment; RNA viral load decreased in 13 out of the 17 patients (76.47%) and one patient exhibited undetected viremia following camel milk treatment. The anti-HCV antibodies profile and isotyping were significantly decreased (P<0.05) in immunoglobulin (Ig)G1 following treatment in 70–76% of patients. However, the treatment was ineffective in 23.53% of patients who experienced no reduction in RNA viral load following treatment with camel milk. In conclusion, whole camel milk treatment demonstrated efficacy in vivo; the viral load in the majority of patient sera was reduced and the IgG isotype profile was converted to Th1 immunity.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Elrashdy M. Redwan: lradwan@kau.edu.sa
                Vladimir N. Uversky:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4037-5857
                vuversky@usf.edu
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Eur Food Res Technol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Eur Food Res Technol
                Title: European Food Research and Technology
                Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg (Berlin/Heidelberg )
                ISSN (Print): 1438-2377
                ISSN (Electronic): 1438-2385
                Publication date (Electronic): 31 January 2022
                Pages: 1-2
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.412125.1, ISNI 0000 0001 0619 1117, Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, , King Abdulaziz University, ; Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
                [2 ]GRID grid.170693.a, ISNI 0000 0001 2353 285X, Department of Molecular Medicine, , University of South Florida, ; Tampa, FL USA
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4037-5857
                Article
                Publisher ID: 3969
                DOI: 10.1007/s00217-022-03969-1
                PMC ID: 8802990
                SO-VID: c25d246a-5655-450d-b061-f6d7967e24c7
                Copyright © © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2022
                License:

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

                History
                Date received : 15 January 2022
                Date accepted : 22 January 2022
                Categories
                Subject: Short Communication

                Keywords: camel milk,peptidomics,bioactive peptides
                Data availability:
                Keywords: camel milk, peptidomics, bioactive peptides

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