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      Invisible transparency: How different types of ad disclaimers on Facebook affect whether and how digital political advertising is perceived

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          Abstract

          One central measure set out in the regulation of digital political advertising (DPA) concentrates on transparency disclaimers to make users aware that the respective content was bought and targeted at them with a specific intention by an advertiser. However, we lack scientific evidence about if and how users perceive transparency disclaimers of DPA on social media. This article aims to provide first empirical answers to these questions by drawing on a two‐part eye‐tracking study with 177 participants that compares the effect of different prominent ad disclaimers (i.e., versions previously [V1] and currently [V2] used by Facebook as well as a self‐designed [V3] disclaimer version) on the perception of DPA. We show that most users do not fixate on the ad disclaimers regardless of their prominence, nor does the prominence of the disclaimers affect the perceived intrusiveness and acceptance of the DPA. However, the recall and ad recognition were significantly lower for the less prominent ad disclaimers used by Facebook compared to our self‐designed more prominent version, pointing to the shortcomings of the platform's current transparency rules. Altogether, our study allows a more substantiated discussion about how DPA is recognized and evaluated by users, which contributes to the debate about incorporating regulations for DPA.

          摘要

          数字法规中的一项核心措施聚焦于数字政治广告(DPA)的透明度免责声明,以使用户意识到相应的广告内容是由具有特定意图的广告商购买并面向用户的。不过,我们缺乏关于用户是否以及如何感知社交媒体上DPA透明度免责声明的科学证据。通过对177名参与者进行由两部分组成的眼动追踪研究,本文旨在对这些问题提供首批实证答案,该研究比较了各类显眼的广告免责声明(即以前的版本[V1]、脸书实际使用的版本[V2]、以及自行设计的免责声明版本[V3])对DPA帖子感知产生的效果。我们表明,大多数用户不会关注广告免责声明,无论其突出性如何,并且免责声明的突出性也不影响DPA的感知侵入性和接受度。不过,脸书使用的广告免责声明的召回率和广告识别率明显低于自行设计的版本,这表明该平台当前的透明度规则存在缺陷。总而言之,我们的研究对用户如何识别和评价DPA一事进行了更充分的探讨,这对关于将DPA纳入法规的辩论作贡献。

          Resumen

          Una medida central establecida en las regulaciones se concentra en los descargos de transparencia para la publicidad política digital (DPA) para que los usuarios sepan que el contenido respectivo fue comprado y dirigido a ellos con una intención específica por parte de un anunciante. Sin embargo, carecemos de evidencia científica sobre si los usuarios perciben los descargos de transparencia de DPA en las redes sociales y cómo lo perciben. Este artículo tiene como objetivo proporcionar las primeras respuestas empíricas a estas preguntas basándose en un estudio de seguimiento ocular de dos partes con 177 participantes que compara el efecto de diferentes avisos publicitarios destacados (es decir, versiones anteriores [V1] y actualmente [V2] utilizadas por Facebook así como una versión de descargo de responsabilidad [V3] de diseño propio) sobre la percepción de las publicaciones de DPA. Mostramos que la mayoría de los usuarios no se obsesionan con los descargos de responsabilidad de los anuncios, independientemente de su prominencia, ni la prominencia del descargo de responsabilidad afecta la intrusión percibida y la aceptación del DPA. Sin embargo, el recuerdo y el reconocimiento de anuncios fueron significativamente más bajos para los descargos de responsabilidad de anuncios utilizados por Facebook en comparación con la versión de diseño propio, lo que apunta a las deficiencias de las reglas de transparencia actuales de la plataforma. En conjunto, nuestro estudio permite una discusión más fundamentada sobre cómo los usuarios reconocen y evalúan la DPA, lo que contribuye al debate sobre la incorporación de regulaciones para la DPA

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          Most cited references35

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              Attention and choice: a review on eye movements in decision making.

              This paper reviews studies on eye movements in decision making, and compares their observations to theoretical predictions concerning the role of attention in decision making. Four decision theories are examined: rational models, bounded rationality, evidence accumulation, and parallel constraint satisfaction models. Although most theories were confirmed with regard to certain predictions, none of the theories adequately accounted for the role of attention during decision making. Several observations emerged concerning the drivers and down-stream effects of attention on choice, suggesting that attention processes plays an active role in constructing decisions. So far, decision theories have largely ignored the constructive role of attention by assuming that it is entirely determined by heuristics, or that it consists of stochastic information sampling. The empirical observations reveal that these assumptions are implausible, and that more accurate assumptions could have been made based on prior attention and eye movement research. Future decision making research would benefit from greater integration with attention research.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                (View ORCID Profile)
                (View ORCID Profile)
                (View ORCID Profile)
                Journal
                Policy & Internet
                Policy & Internet
                Wiley
                1944-2866
                1944-2866
                June 2023
                December 02 2022
                June 2023
                : 15
                : 2
                : 204-222
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Communication Johannes Gutenberg‐University Mainz Germany
                [2 ] Department of Media and Communication LMU Munich Munich Germany
                Article
                10.1002/poi3.333
                e26743d3-4162-4a09-ac6a-aad3840ef07b
                © 2023

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

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