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      Timing and rate of spheno-occipital synchondrosis closure and its relationship to puberty

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          Abstract

          Objectives

          This study examines the relationship between spheno-occipital synchondrosis (SOS) closure and puberty onset in a modern American population. It also investigates the timing and the rate of SOS closure in males and females.

          Materials and methods

          The sample includes cross-sectional and longitudinal 3D Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) scans of 741 individuals (361 males and 380 females) aged 6–20 years. Each CBCT scan is visualized in the mid-sagittal plane, and the spheno-occipital synchondrosis (SOS) is scored as completely open, partially fused, mostly fused, and completely fused. The Menarche commencement is used as an indicator of puberty onset in females.

          Results

          Mean ages of open, partially-fused, mostly-fused, and completely fused SOS were 11.07, 12.95, 14.44, and 16.41 years in males, and 9.75, 11.67, 13.25, and 15.25 in females, respectively. The results show there is a significant association between the SOS closure stage and the commencement of menarche (Fisher's Exact Test p < 0.001). It was found that females had a higher SOS closure rate (38.60%) per year than males at the age of 10 years. The closure rate in males appears slower than females at age 10, but it lasts a longer time, ranging between 22 and 26% per year from age 11 to 14 years.

          Conclusion

          There is a significant relationship between puberty onset and SOS closure, suggesting its closure is at least partially affected by systemic, hormonal changes in the growing adolescent. Also, SOS closure occurs at a faster rate and at an earlier age in females compared to males.

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          Most cited references37

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          Regression with Dummy Variables

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            Prediction of the age of maximum puberal growth in body height.

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              The correlation of facial growth with body height and skeletal maturation at adolescence.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SoftwareRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SoftwareRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ValidationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                21 August 2017
                2017
                : 12
                : 8
                : e0183305
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
                [2 ] Department of Biology, School of Art and Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
                [3 ] Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
                Medical University of South Carolina, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5469-3226
                Article
                PONE-D-16-50627
                10.1371/journal.pone.0183305
                5565182
                28827837
                c27bbedc-7733-4632-9efa-28cd0e55e825
                © 2017 Alhazmi et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 22 December 2016
                : 2 August 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 7, Tables: 9, Pages: 16
                Funding
                The authors received no specific funding for this work.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Endocrinology
                Endocrine Physiology
                Puberty
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Endocrine Physiology
                Puberty
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Physiology
                Endocrine Physiology
                Puberty
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Imaging Techniques
                Neuroimaging
                Computed Axial Tomography
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Neuroscience
                Neuroimaging
                Computed Axial Tomography
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Diagnostic Medicine
                Diagnostic Radiology
                Tomography
                Computed Axial Tomography
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Imaging Techniques
                Diagnostic Radiology
                Tomography
                Computed Axial Tomography
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Radiology and Imaging
                Diagnostic Radiology
                Tomography
                Computed Axial Tomography
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Endocrinology
                Endocrine Physiology
                Menstrual Cycle
                Menarche
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Endocrine Physiology
                Menstrual Cycle
                Menarche
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Physiology
                Endocrine Physiology
                Menstrual Cycle
                Menarche
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Reproductive Physiology
                Menstrual Cycle
                Menarche
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Physiology
                Reproductive Physiology
                Menstrual Cycle
                Menarche
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Oral Medicine
                Orthodontics
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Musculoskeletal System
                Skeleton
                Skull
                Cranium
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Musculoskeletal System
                Skeleton
                Skull
                Cranium
                Computer and Information Sciences
                Information Technology
                Databases
                People and Places
                Population Groupings
                Age Groups
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Mathematical and Statistical Techniques
                Statistical Methods
                Regression Analysis
                Physical Sciences
                Mathematics
                Statistics (Mathematics)
                Statistical Methods
                Regression Analysis
                Custom metadata
                All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

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