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      Structural characterization of alkali-soluble polysaccharides from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer

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          Abstract

          Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (ginseng) has been widely used as a herb and functional food in the world. Polysaccharides are the main active components of ginseng. In this paper, the polysaccharides were sequentially extracted by 50 mM Na 2CO 3, 1 M KOH and 4 M KOH from ginseng roots treated sequentially with hot water, α-amylase and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid extraction. Na 2CO 3-soluble ginseng polysaccharide (NGP) was fractionated into one neutral and three acidic fractions by anion exchange and gel permeation chromatography. Fourier transform infrared, NMR and methylation analysis indicated acidic fractions in NGP were highly branched rhamnogalacturonan-I domains, with  → 4)-α-Gal pA-(1 → 2)-α-Rha p-(1 → disaccharide repeating units as backbone and β-1,4-galactan, α-1,5/1,3,5-arabinan and type II arabinogalactan as side chains. 1-KGP (1 M KOH-soluble ginseng polysaccharide) and 4-KGP (4 M KOH-soluble ginseng polysaccharide) were mainly composed of hemicellulose besides starch-like polysaccharides and minor pectin. Antibody detection, enzymic hydrolysis, high performance anion exchange chromatography and methylation analysis demonstrated xylan was the major component in 1-KGP, while xyloglucan was predominant in 4-KGP. Comparing the polysaccharides obtained by different solvent extractions, we have a comprehensive understanding about total ginseng polysaccharides.

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          Hemicelluloses.

          Henrik Scheller, Peter Ulvskov (2010)
          Hemicelluloses are polysaccharides in plant cell walls that have beta-(1-->4)-linked backbones with an equatorial configuration. Hemicelluloses include xyloglucans, xylans, mannans and glucomannans, and beta-(1-->3,1-->4)-glucans. These types of hemicelluloses are present in the cell walls of all terrestrial plants, except for beta-(1-->3,1-->4)-glucans, which are restricted to Poales and a few other groups. The detailed structure of the hemicelluloses and their abundance vary widely between different species and cell types. The most important biological role of hemicelluloses is their contribution to strengthening the cell wall by interaction with cellulose and, in some walls, with lignin. These features are discussed in relation to widely accepted models of the primary wall. Hemicelluloses are synthesized by glycosyltransferases located in the Golgi membranes. Many glycosyltransferases needed for biosynthesis of xyloglucans and mannans are known. In contrast, the biosynthesis of xylans and beta-(1-->3,1-->4)-glucans remains very elusive, and recent studies have led to more questions than answers.
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            Monoclonal antibodies to plant cell wall xylans and arabinoxylans.

            Lesley McCartney, Susan Marcus, J. Paul Knox (2005)
            Two rat monoclonal antibodies have been generated to plant cell wall (1-->4)-beta-D-xylans using a penta-1,4-xylanoside-containing neoglycoprotein as an immunogen. The monoclonal antibodies, designated LM10 and LM11, have different specificities to xylans in relation to the substitution of the xylan backbone as indicated by immunodot assays and competitive-inhibition ELISAs. LM10 is specific to unsubstituted or low-substituted xylans, whereas LM11 binds to wheat arabinoxylan in addition to unsubstituted xylans. Immunocytochemical analyses indicated the presence of both epitopes in secondary cell walls of xylem but differences in occurrence in other cell types.
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              Pectic homogalacturonan masks abundant sets of xyloglucan epitopes in plant cell walls

              Susan Marcus, Yves Verhertbruggen, Cécile Hervé … (2008)
              Background Molecular probes are required to detect cell wall polymers in-situ to aid understanding of their cell biology and several studies have shown that cell wall epitopes have restricted occurrences across sections of plant organs indicating that cell wall structure is highly developmentally regulated. Xyloglucan is the major hemicellulose or cross-linking glycan of the primary cell walls of dicotyledons although little is known of its occurrence or functions in relation to cell development and cell wall microstructure. Results Using a neoglycoprotein approach, in which a XXXG heptasaccharide of tamarind seed xyloglucan was coupled to BSA to produce an immunogen, we have generated a rat monoclonal antibody (designated LM15) to the XXXG structural motif of xyloglucans. The specificity of LM15 has been confirmed by the analysis of LM15 binding using glycan microarrays and oligosaccharide hapten inhibition of binding studies. The use of LM15 for the analysis of xyloglucan in the cell walls of tamarind and nasturtium seeds, in which xyloglucan occurs as a storage polysaccharide, indicated that the LM15 xyloglucan epitope occurs throughout the thickened cell walls of the tamarind seed and in the outer regions, adjacent to middle lamellae, of the thickened cell walls of the nasturtium seed. Immunofluorescence analysis of LM15 binding to sections of tobacco and pea stem internodes indicated that the xyloglucan epitope was restricted to a few cell types in these organs. Enzymatic removal of pectic homogalacturonan from equivalent sections resulted in the abundant detection of distinct patterns of the LM15 xyloglucan epitope across these organs and a diversity of occurrences in relation to the cell wall microstructure of a range of cell types. Conclusion These observations support ideas that xyloglucan is associated with pectin in plant cell walls. They also indicate that documented patterns of cell wall epitopes in relation to cell development and cell differentiation may need to be re-considered in relation to the potential masking of cell wall epitopes by other cell wall components.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): R Soc Open Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): R Soc Open Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): RSOS
                Journal ID (hwp): royopensci
                Title: Royal Society Open Science
                Publisher: The Royal Society
                ISSN (Electronic): 2054-5703
                Publication date Collection: March 2018
                Publication date (Electronic): 14 March 2018
                Publication date PMC-release: 14 March 2018
                Volume: 5
                Issue: 3
                Electronic Location Identifier: 171644
                Affiliations
                Jilin Province Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University , Changchun 130024, People's Republic of China
                Author notes
                Author for correspondence: Lin Sun e-mail: sunl925@ 123456nenu.edu.cn

                This article has been edited by the Royal Society of Chemistry, including the commissioning, peer review process and editorial aspects up to the point of acceptance.

                Electronic supplementary material is available online at https://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4015729.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1894-0899
                Article
                Publisher ID: rsos171644
                DOI: 10.1098/rsos.171644
                PMC ID: 5882694
                SO-VID: c334e97a-2830-44e1-a945-3314c9b31fc8
                Copyright © © 2018 The Authors.
                License:

                Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 17 October 2017
                Date accepted : 24 January 2018
                Funding
                Funded by: National Natural Science Foundation of China, http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809;
                Award ID: 31500274
                Award ID: 31770852
                Categories
                Subject: 1001
                Subject: 15
                Subject: 1002
                Subject: 15
                Subject: Chemistry
                Subject: Research Article
                Custom metadata
                cover-date March, 2018

                Keywords: ginseng,polysaccharides,pectin,hemicellulose,structural analysis
                Data availability:
                Keywords: ginseng, polysaccharides, pectin, hemicellulose, structural analysis

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