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      Historia de la penicilina: más allá de los héroes, una construcción social Translated title: History of penicillin: Beyond heroes, a social construction

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      Iatreia
      Universidad de Antioquia
      History, Penicillins, Penicillium, World War II, Historia, Penicilinas, Penicillium, Segunda Guerra Mundial

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN El hecho científico conocido como “penicilina” se ha considerado tradicionalmente como el producto del ingenio de Alexander Fleming, ganador del Premio Nobel por descubrir esta “droga milagrosa”. Apartándose de esta idea popular, se hace necesario resaltar el desarrollo de la penicilina como un constructo social, producto del trabajo invaluable de varios científicos, sumado a un contexto social excepcional que motivó la voluntad política y el apoyo de la industria farmacéutica; en ausencia de cualquiera de estos, la penicilina no sería lo que significa hoy para nosotros o, simplemente, no existiría en el arsenal terapéutico. Los conceptos epistemológicos de “estilo de pensamiento” y “colectivo de pensamiento” como fundamentos en la construcción del conocimiento, presentes en la obra epistemológica de Ludwick Fleck, apoyan la conclusión, a partir del recuento histórico, de la necesidad de apartarnos de la penicilina como el producto de un descubrimiento de un único héroe, para verla como una construcción social, que además es un ejemplo clásico de serendipia. La penicilina, además, tiene otras facetas menos conocidas históricamente como el uso de ella de manera cruda, producida y usada por médicos generales, o la búsqueda de información para su producción durante la segunda guerra mundial; estas se abordan en este breve recuento histórico.

          Translated abstract

          SUMMARY The scientific breakthroug we know as “penicillin”, has been traditionally considered as the result of the genius of Alexander Fleming, awarded with the Nobel Prize for the discovery of the “miracle drug”. Standing aside from this popular idea, it is important to highlight the development of penicillin as a social construct and the product of the invaluable work of several scientists, in addition to an exceptional social framework that raised the political desire and the pharmaceutical industry support; without any of these, penicillin wouldn’t even have the meaning it has today, or it wouldn’t even exist. The epistemological concepts of “style of thinking” and “collectivity of thought” as basis in the construction of knowledge, present in Ludwick Fleck’s epistemological work, support the conclusion, based the historical account, about the need of standing aside from the idea of penicillin as the discovery of a single hero, and considering it a social construction instead, and a classical example of serendipity. Other aspects less known about penicillin history, such as the use of crude penicillin by general practitioners, or the seeking of information about how to produce it during World War II, which are addressed in this brief historical account.

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          Most cited references44

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          FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON PENICILLIN

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            History of antibiotics. From salvarsan to cephalosporins.

            Infections have represented for a long time the leading cause of death in humans. During the 19th century, pneumonia, tuberculosis, diarrhea and diphtheria were considered the main causes of death in children and adults. Only in the late 19th century did it become possible to correlate the existence of microscopic pathogens with the development of various diseases. Within a few years the introduction of antiseptic procedures had begun to reduce mortality due to postsurgical infections. Sanitation and hygiene played a significant role in the reduction of the mortality due to several infectious diseases. The introduction of the first compounds with antimicrobial activity succeeded in conquering many diseases. In this review we analyzed, from a historical perspective, the development of antibiotics and the circumstances that led to their discovery. The first compound with antimicrobial activity was introduced in 1911 by Erlich. He focused his research activity on the discovery of a "magic bullet" to treat syphilis. Afterwards, Foley and colleagues brought penicillin to the forefront. Streptomycin represents the first drug discovered for the treatment of tuberculosis, and its development included the first use of clinical trials. Finally, with the development of cephalosporins, the introduction of new antimicrobial compounds with broad activity against gram-positive and also some gram-negative bacteria began.
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              PENICILLIN AS A CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENT

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                iat
                Iatreia
                Iatreia
                Universidad de Antioquia (Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia )
                0121-0793
                June 2021
                : 34
                : 2
                : 172-179
                Affiliations
                [1] Manizales Caldas orgnameUniversidad de Caldas Colombia
                Article
                S0121-07932021000200172 S0121-0793(21)03400200172
                10.17533/udea.iatreia.79
                c45cb0d3-42f6-49f2-b965-0522083fe356

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 20 April 2020
                : 20 July 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 44, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Colombia

                Categories
                Historia de la medicina

                World War II,Segunda Guerra Mundial,Penicillium,Penicilinas,Historia,Penicillins,History

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