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      Marine Peptides: Bioactivities and Applications

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      Author(s): * , * , *
      Editor(s):
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Marine Drugs
      Publisher: MDPI
      Keywords: bioactive, marine peptides, nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals

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          Abstract

          Peptides are important bioactive natural products which are present in many marine species. These marine peptides have high potential nutraceutical and medicinal values because of their broad spectra of bioactivities. Their antimicrobial, antiviral, antitumor, antioxidative, cardioprotective (antihypertensive, antiatherosclerotic and anticoagulant), immunomodulatory, analgesic, anxiolytic anti-diabetic, appetite suppressing and neuroprotective activities have attracted the attention of the pharmaceutical industry, which attempts to design them for use in the treatment or prevention of various diseases. Some marine peptides or their derivatives have high commercial values and had reached the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical markets. A large number of them are already in different phases of the clinical and preclinical pipeline. This review highlights the recent research in marine peptides and the trends and prospects for the future, with special emphasis on nutraceutical and pharmaceutical development into marketed products.

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          Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030.

          Sarah E Wild, Gojka Roglic, Anders Green … (2004)
          The goal of this study was to estimate the prevalence of diabetes and the number of people of all ages with diabetes for years 2000 and 2030. Data on diabetes prevalence by age and sex from a limited number of countries were extrapolated to all 191 World Health Organization member states and applied to United Nations' population estimates for 2000 and 2030. Urban and rural populations were considered separately for developing countries. The prevalence of diabetes for all age-groups worldwide was estimated to be 2.8% in 2000 and 4.4% in 2030. The total number of people with diabetes is projected to rise from 171 million in 2000 to 366 million in 2030. The prevalence of diabetes is higher in men than women, but there are more women with diabetes than men. The urban population in developing countries is projected to double between 2000 and 2030. The most important demographic change to diabetes prevalence across the world appears to be the increase in the proportion of people >65 years of age. These findings indicate that the "diabetes epidemic" will continue even if levels of obesity remain constant. Given the increasing prevalence of obesity, it is likely that these figures provide an underestimate of future diabetes prevalence.
          Article 0 comments Cited 1891 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Oxidative stress, caloric restriction, and aging.

            R S Sohal, R Weindruch (1996)
            Under normal physiological conditions, the use of oxygen by cells of aerobic organisms generates potentially deleterious reactive oxygen metabolites. A chronic state of oxidative stress exists in cells because of an imbalance between prooxidants and antioxidants. The amount of oxidative damage increases as an organism ages and is postulated to be a major causal factor of senescence. Support for this hypothesis includes the following observations: (i) Overexpression of antioxidative enzymes retards the age-related accrual of oxidative damage and extends the maximum life-span of transgenic Drosophila melanogaster. (ii) Variations in longevity among different species inversely correlate with the rates of mitochondrial generation of the superoxide anion radical (O2) and hydrogen peroxide. (iii) Restriction of caloric intake lowers steady-state levels of oxidative stress and damage, retards age-associated changes, and extends the maximum life-span in mammals.
            Article 0 comments Cited 244 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Marketed Marine Natural Products in the Pharmaceutical and Cosmeceutical Industries: Tips for Success

              Ana Martins, Helena Vieira, Helena Gaspar … (2014)
              The marine environment harbors a number of macro and micro organisms that have developed unique metabolic abilities to ensure their survival in diverse and hostile habitats, resulting in the biosynthesis of an array of secondary metabolites with specific activities. Several of these metabolites are high-value commercial products for the pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industries. The aim of this review is to outline the paths of marine natural products discovery and development, with a special focus on the compounds that successfully reached the market and particularly looking at the approaches tackled by the pharmaceutical and cosmetic companies that succeeded in marketing those products. The main challenges faced during marine bioactives discovery and development programs were analyzed and grouped in three categories: biodiversity (accessibility to marine resources and efficient screening), supply and technical (sustainable production of the bioactives and knowledge of the mechanism of action) and market (processes, costs, partnerships and marketing). Tips to surpass these challenges are given in order to improve the market entry success rates of highly promising marine bioactives in the current pipelines, highlighting what can be learned from the successful and unsuccessful stories that can be applied to novel and/or ongoing marine natural products discovery and development programs.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Kellie L. Tuck: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Mar Drugs
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Mar Drugs
                Journal ID (publisher-id): marinedrugs
                Title: Marine Drugs
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1660-3397
                Publication date (Electronic): 29 June 2015
                Publication date Collection: July 2015
                Volume: 13
                Issue: 7
                Pages: 4006-4043
                Affiliations
                School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
                Author notes
                [* ]Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: chifaicheung@ 123456cuhk.edu.hk (R.C.F.C.); b021770@ 123456mailserv.cuhk.edu.hk (T.Z.N.); jack1993@ 123456yahoo.com (J.H.W.); Tel.: +852-39438031 (R.C.F.C.); +852-39436872 (T.Z.N.); +852-39438031 (J.H.W.); Fax: +852-26035123.
                Article
                Publisher ID: marinedrugs-13-04006
                DOI: 10.3390/md13074006
                PMC ID: 4515606
                PubMed ID: 26132844
                SO-VID: c45e55f1-75af-4271-9d45-3b98157b2a9d
                Copyright © © 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
                License:

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 30 April 2015
                Date accepted : 18 June 2015
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: bioactive,marine peptides,nutraceuticals,pharmaceuticals
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: bioactive, marine peptides, nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals

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