<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Methane (<span class="inline-formula">CH<sub>4</sub></span>) is a powerful greenhouse gas, whose natural and anthropogenic emissions contribute <span class="inline-formula">∼20</span><span class="thinspace"></span>% to global radiative forcing. Its atmospheric budget (sources and sinks), however, has large uncertainties. Inverse modelling, using atmospheric <span class="inline-formula">CH<sub>4</sub></span> trends, spatial gradients and isotopic source signatures, has recently improved the major source estimates and their spatial–temporal variation. Nevertheless, isotopic data lack <span class="inline-formula">CH<sub>4</sub></span> source representativeness for many sources, and their isotopic signatures are affected by incomplete knowledge of the spatial distribution of some sources, especially those related to fossil (radiocarbon-free) and microbial gas. This gap is particularly wide for geological <span class="inline-formula">CH<sub>4</sub></span> (geo-<span class="inline-formula">CH<sub>4</sub></span>) seepage, i.e. the natural degassing of hydrocarbons from the Earth's crust. While geological seepage is widely considered a major source of atmospheric <span class="inline-formula">CH<sub>4</sub></span>, it has been largely neglected in 3-D inverse <span class="inline-formula">CH<sub>4</sub></span> budget studies given the lack of detailed a priori gridded emission maps. Here, we report for the first time global gridded maps of geological <span class="inline-formula">CH<sub>4</sub></span> sources, including emission and isotopic data. The <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M10" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn><msup><mi/><mo>∘</mo></msup><mo>×</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn><msup><mi/><mo>∘</mo></msup></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="34pt" height="11pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="d51f79310cf40393ef273310a737fadb"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="essd-11-1-2019-ie00001.svg" width="34pt" height="11pt" src="essd-11-1-2019-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> maps include the four main categories of natural geo-<span class="inline-formula">CH<sub>4</sub></span> emission: (a) onshore hydrocarbon macro-seeps, including mud volcanoes, (b) submarine (offshore) seeps, (c) diffuse microseepage and (d) geothermal manifestations. An inventory of point sources and area sources was developed for each category, defining areal distribution (activity), <span class="inline-formula">CH<sub>4</sub></span> fluxes (emission factors) and its stable C isotope composition (<span class="inline-formula"><i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C</span>-<span class="inline-formula">CH<sub>4</sub></span>). These parameters were determined considering geological factors that control methane origin and seepage (e.g. petroleum fields, sedimentary basins, high heat flow regions, faults, seismicity). The global geo-source map reveals that the regions with the highest <span class="inline-formula">CH<sub>4</sub></span> emissions are all located in the Northern Hemisphere, in North America, in the Caspian region, in Europe and in the East Siberian Arctic Shelf. The globally gridded <span class="inline-formula">CH<sub>4</sub></span> emission estimate (37<span class="thinspace"></span>Tg<span class="thinspace"></span>yr<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> exclusively based on data and modelling specifically targeted for gridding, and 43–50<span class="thinspace"></span>Tg<span class="thinspace"></span>yr<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> when extrapolated to also account for onshore and submarine seeps with no location specific measurements available) is compatible with published ranges derived using top-down and bottom-up procedures. Improved activity and emission factor data allowed previously published mud volcanoes and microseepage emission estimates to be refined. The emission-weighted global mean <span class="inline-formula"><i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C</span>-<span class="inline-formula">CH<sub>4</sub></span> source signature of all geo-<span class="inline-formula">CH<sub>4</sub></span> source categories is about <span class="inline-formula">−49</span><span class="thinspace"></span>‰. This value is significantly lower than those attributed so far in inverse studies to fossil fuel sources (<span class="inline-formula">−44</span><span class="thinspace"></span>‰) and geological seepage (<span class="inline-formula">−38</span><span class="thinspace"></span>‰). It is expected that using this updated, more <span class="inline-formula"><sup>13</sup>C</span>-depleted, isotopic signature in atmospheric modelling will increase the top-down estimate of the geological <span class="inline-formula">CH<sub>4</sub></span> source. The geo-<span class="inline-formula">CH<sub>4</sub></span> emission grid maps can now be used to improve atmospheric <span class="inline-formula">CH<sub>4</sub></span> modelling, thereby improving the accuracy of the fossil fuel and microbial components. Grid csv (comma-separated values) files are available at <a href="https://doi.org/10.25925/4j3f-he27">https://doi.org/10.25925/4j3f-he27</a>.</p>