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      Secular trends of population-attributable fractions of obesity for hypertension among US population by sex and race/ethnicity: Analysis from NHANES 1999–2018

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          Highlights

          • The population-attributable fractions of hypertension attributed to obesity have increased steadily in US adults and boys aged 8–17.

          • The population-attributable fractions of hypertension due to general obesity and abdominal obesity were higher in women than in men.

          • Mexican Americans had a more rapid growth in population-attributable fractions of hypertension due to general obesity and abdominal obesity.

          Abstract

          Obesity is a major risk factor of hypertension, therefore quantifying the contribution of obesity to hypertension is necessary. The current study aimed to investigate the changes in population-attributable fractions (PAFs) of hypertension associated with general obesity and abdominal obesity over the recent 2 decades among the US population, as well as important sub-populations. This report was performed based on national-level cross-sectional data for 46,535 adults aged 18 years and older and 20,745 children aged 8–17 from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2018. The PAFs of hypertension due to general obesity and abdominal obesity were calculated by sex, race/ethnicity, and survey year. The linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the secular trends of PAFs over the years. The prevalence of general obesity and abdominal obesity presented significantly increasing trends during the past 2 decades in the US. The PAFs of hypertension due to general obesity increased steadily from 11.9 % to 15.1 % in women with a slope of 0.38 % (95 % CI: 0.31 – 0.45 %) and from 8.4 % to 13.4 % in men with a slope of 0.46 % (95 % CI: 0.36 – 0.56 %). Similar increasing trends were also observed for the PAFs due to abdominal obesity in both women and men. Additionally, there were significantly different trends of PAFs in various races/ethnicities. Over the past 2 decades, the contributions of obesity to hypertension were gradually rising among US population, which emphasizes the importance of controlling weight to further reduce the burden of hypertension.

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          Most cited references29

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          Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity.

          A cluster of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus, which occur together more often than by chance alone, have become known as the metabolic syndrome. The risk factors include raised blood pressure, dyslipidemia (raised triglycerides and lowered high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), raised fasting glucose, and central obesity. Various diagnostic criteria have been proposed by different organizations over the past decade. Most recently, these have come from the International Diabetes Federation and the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. The main difference concerns the measure for central obesity, with this being an obligatory component in the International Diabetes Federation definition, lower than in the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute criteria, and ethnic specific. The present article represents the outcome of a meeting between several major organizations in an attempt to unify criteria. It was agreed that there should not be an obligatory component, but that waist measurement would continue to be a useful preliminary screening tool. Three abnormal findings out of 5 would qualify a person for the metabolic syndrome. A single set of cut points would be used for all components except waist circumference, for which further work is required. In the interim, national or regional cut points for waist circumference can be used.
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            2019 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease

            Circulation
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              2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Prev Med Rep
                Preventive Medicine Reports
                2211-3355
                07 April 2024
                May 2024
                07 April 2024
                : 41
                : 102719
                Affiliations
                Department of Neurosurgery, Maanshan Peopleˈs Hospital, Maˈanshan, Anhui Province, China
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. zudong_ren@ 123456126.com
                Article
                S2211-3355(24)00134-7 102719
                10.1016/j.pmedr.2024.102719
                11017068
                38623579
                c6882952-3180-49da-abdc-a61120d0e26d
                © 2024 The Author(s)

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 18 July 2023
                : 21 February 2024
                : 6 April 2024
                Categories
                Infectious Disease

                general obesity,abdominal obesity,hypertension,population-attributable fractions,prevalence,sex difference

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