Default mode network in young male adults with autism spectrum disorder: relationship with autism spectrum traits

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Abstract

Background

Autism spectrum traits are postulated to lie on a continuum that extends between individuals with autism and individuals with typical development (TD). Social cognition properties that are deeply associated with autism spectrum traits have been linked to functional connectivity between regions within the brain’s default mode network (DMN). Previous studies have shown that the resting-state functional connectivities (rs-FCs) of DMN are low and show negative correlation with the level of autism spectrum traits in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, it is unclear whether individual differences of autism spectrum traits are associated with the strength of rs-FCs of DMN in participants including the general population.

Methods

Using the seed-based approach, we investigated the rs-FCs of DMN, particularly including the following two core regions of DMN: the anterior medial prefrontal cortex (aMPFC) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) in 19 young male adults with high-functioning ASD (mean age = 25.3 ± 6.9 years; autism-spectrum quotient (AQ) = 33.4 ± 4.2; full scale IQ (F-IQ) = 109.7 ± 12.4) compared with 21 age- and IQ-matched young male adults from the TD group (mean age = 24.8 ± 4.3 years; AQ = 18.6 ± 5.7; F-IQ = 109.5 ± 8.7). We also analyzed the correlation between the strength of rs-FCs and autism spectrum traits measured using AQ score.

Results

The strengths of rs-FCs from core regions of DMN were significantly lower in ASD participants than TD participants. Under multiple regression analysis, the strengths of rs-FCs in brain areas from aMPFC seed showed negative correlation with AQ scores in ASD participants and TD participants.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that the strength of rs-FCs in DMN is associated with autism spectrum traits in the TD population as well as patients with ASD, supporting the continuum view. The rs-FCs of DMN may be useful biomarkers for the objective identification of autism spectrum traits, regardless of ASD diagnosis.

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Most cited references 52

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The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh inventory

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Spurious but systematic correlations in functional connectivity MRI networks arise from subject motion.

Jonathan D Power, Kelly A Barnes, Abraham Z Snyder … (2012)

Here, we demonstrate that subject motion produces substantial changes in the timecourses of resting state functional connectivity MRI (rs-fcMRI) data despite compensatory spatial registration and regression of motion estimates from the data. These changes cause systematic but spurious correlation structures throughout the brain. Specifically, many long-distance correlations are decreased by subject motion, whereas many short-distance correlations are increased. These changes in rs-fcMRI correlations do not arise from, nor are they adequately countered by, some common functional connectivity processing steps. Two indices of data quality are proposed, and a simple method to reduce motion-related effects in rs-fcMRI analyses is demonstrated that should be flexibly implementable across a variety of software platforms. We demonstrate how application of this technique impacts our own data, modifying previous conclusions about brain development. These results suggest the need for greater care in dealing with subject motion, and the need to critically revisit previous rs-fcMRI work that may not have adequately controlled for effects of transient subject movements. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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A default mode of brain function.

M Raichle, A MacLeod, A Snyder … (2001)

A baseline or control state is fundamental to the understanding of most complex systems. Defining a baseline state in the human brain, arguably our most complex system, poses a particular challenge. Many suspect that left unconstrained, its activity will vary unpredictably. Despite this prediction we identify a baseline state of the normal adult human brain in terms of the brain oxygen extraction fraction or OEF. The OEF is defined as the ratio of oxygen used by the brain to oxygen delivered by flowing blood and is remarkably uniform in the awake but resting state (e.g., lying quietly with eyes closed). Local deviations in the OEF represent the physiological basis of signals of changes in neuronal activity obtained with functional MRI during a wide variety of human behaviors. We used quantitative metabolic and circulatory measurements from positron-emission tomography to obtain the OEF regionally throughout the brain. Areas of activation were conspicuous by their absence. All significant deviations from the mean hemisphere OEF were increases, signifying deactivations, and resided almost exclusively in the visual system. Defining the baseline state of an area in this manner attaches meaning to a group of areas that consistently exhibit decreases from this baseline, during a wide variety of goal-directed behaviors monitored with positron-emission tomography and functional MRI. These decreases suggest the existence of an organized, baseline default mode of brain function that is suspended during specific goal-directed behaviors.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Minyoung Jung

Hirotaka Kosaka

Daisuke N Saito

Makoto Ishitobi

Tomoyo Morita

Keisuke Inohara

Mizuki Asano

Sumiyoshi Arai

Toshio Munesue

Akemi Tomoda

Yuji Wada

Norihiro Sadato

Hidehiko Okazawa

Tetsuya Iidaka

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Mol Autism

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Mol Autism

Title: Molecular Autism

Publisher: BioMed Central

ISSN (Electronic): 2040-2392

Publication date Collection: 2014

Publication date (Electronic): 11 June 2014

Volume: 5

Page: 35

Affiliations

[1 ]Developmental Emotional Intelligence, Division of Developmental Higher Brain Functions, Department of Child Development United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Fukui, Eiheiji 910-1193, Japan

[2 ]Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Eiheiji 910-1193, Japan

[3 ]Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Eiheiji 910-1193, Japan

[4 ]Biomedical Imaging Research Center, University of Fukui, Fukui, Eiheiji 910-1193, Japan

[5 ]Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8553, Japan

[6 ]Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan

[7 ]Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan

[8 ]Department of Cerebral Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan

[9 ]Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan

Article

Publisher ID: 2040-2392-5-35

DOI: 10.1186/2040-2392-5-35

PMC ID: 4064274

PubMed ID: 24955232

SO-VID: c8871209-402b-4214-88ca-95343ff2e9b6

License:

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Default mode network in young male adults with autism spectrum disorder: relationship with autism spectrum traits

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Most cited references 52

The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh inventory

Spurious but systematic correlations in functional connectivity MRI networks arise from subject motion.

A default mode of brain function.

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