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      The spontaneous breathing trial is of low predictive value regarding spontaneous breathing ability in subjects with prolonged, unsuccessful weaning Translated title: Der Spontanatemversuch sagt nicht zuverlässig die Fähigkeit zur Spontanatmung bei Patienten mit prolongiertem erfolglosem Weaning voraus

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          Abstract

          Background

          The spontaneous breathing trial (SBT) is a well-established diagnostic test for predicting extubation failure in intubated intensive care unit (ICU) patients. However, the SBT has not been evaluated in a specific cohort of tracheostomized patients in whom weaning is prolonged and ultimately unsuccessful.

          Objective

          The aim of the trial was to investigate the relevance of SBT failure criteria in chronic respiratory failure subjects undergoing long-term invasive home mechanical ventilation following tracheostomy and weaning failure.

          Methods

          Measurement of all established failure criteria including pneumotachygraphical assessment of the rapid shallow breathing index (RSBI) took place during an SBT. The decision to continue spontaneous breathing was based on failure criteria as well as the subjective willingness of the patient.

          Results

          Fifteen subjects with a median age of 58 years (interquartile range [IQR] 44–74) were studied; 10 with COPD, 4 with neuromuscular diseases and 1 with both. Twelve subjects met the SBT failure criteria within 30 min, but one third of these subjects were still able to continue with spontaneous breathing. In contrast, 3 subjects could not be weaned despite the SBT being successful. An increased RSBI was the most frequently observed SBT failure criterion (57% of all SBT). However, the SBT varied substantially in individual subjects who were able to sustain spontaneous breathing, despite having reached the cut-off for SBT failure.

          Conclusion

          The SBT was of low predictive value regarding spontaneous breathing ability in chronic respiratory failure subjects with prolonged, unsuccessful weaning.

          Translated abstract

          Hintergrund

          Der Spontanatemversuch („spontaneous breathing trial“, SBT) ist ein etablierter Test, um ein Extubationsversagen bei intubierten Patienten auf der Intensivstation vorauszusagen. Bei tracheotomierten Patienten im prolongierten und schließlich erfolglosen Weaning wurde er bislang jedoch noch nicht systematisch untersucht.

          Ziel der Arbeit

          Ziel der Studie war es, die Relevanz der definierten SBT-Abbruchkriterien bei tracheotomierten Patienten mit chronischer respiratorischer Insuffizienz und außerklinischer invasiver Langzeitbeatmung nach Weaningversagen zu untersuchen.

          Material und Methoden

          Alle etablierten SBT-Abbruchkriterien inklusive pneumotachographischer Messungen des Rapid Shallow Breathing Index (RSBI) wurden während eines SBT systematisch gemessen. Die Entscheidung, den Spontanatemversuch fortzuführen, wurde anhand der Abbruchkriterien und des subjektiven Wunsches des Patienten getroffen.

          Ergebnisse

          In die Studie wurden 15 Patienten mit einem medianen Alter von 58 Jahren (Interquartilsabstand, IQR: 44–74) einbezogen (COPD: 10 Patienten, neuromuskulären Erkrankungen: 4 Patienten, beide Erkrankungen: 1 Patient). Bei 12 Patienten wurde innerhalb von 30 min ein Abbruchkriterium erreicht, dennoch konnte ein Drittel dieser Patienten die Spontanatmung fortführen. Jedoch konnten 3 dieser Patienten nicht von der Beatmung entwöhnt werden, obwohl der SBT erfolgreich war. Ein erhöhter RSBI war das am häufigsten erreichte Abbruchkriterium (in 57 % aller SBT). Bei den Patienten, welche die Spontanatmung trotz Erreichen eines SBT-Abbruchkriteriums fortsetzen konnten, variierte der weitere Verlauf des SBT erheblich.

          Schlussfolgerung

          Der SBT ist von geringem prädiktivem Wert, um die Fähigkeit zur Spontanatmung bei Patienten mit chronischer respiratorischer Insuffizienz und prolongiertem erfolglosem Weaning vorauszusagen.

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          Most cited references25

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          Weaning from mechanical ventilation.

          Weaning covers the entire process of liberating the patient from mechanical support and from the endotracheal tube. Many controversial questions remain concerning the best methods for conducting this process. An International Consensus Conference was held in April 2005 to provide recommendations regarding the management of this process. An 11-member international jury answered five pre-defined questions. 1) What is known about the epidemiology of weaning problems? 2) What is the pathophysiology of weaning failure? 3) What is the usual process of initial weaning from the ventilator? 4) Is there a role for different ventilator modes in more difficult weaning? 5) How should patients with prolonged weaning failure be managed? The main recommendations were as follows. 1) Patients should be categorised into three groups based on the difficulty and duration of the weaning process. 2) Weaning should be considered as early as possible. 3) A spontaneous breathing trial is the major diagnostic test to determine whether patients can be successfully extubated. 4) The initial trial should last 30 min and consist of either T-tube breathing or low levels of pressure support. 5) Pressure support or assist-control ventilation modes should be favoured in patients failing an initial trial/trials. 6) Noninvasive ventilation techniques should be considered in selected patients to shorten the duration of intubation but should not be routinely used as a tool for extubation failure.
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            Effect of spontaneous breathing trial duration on outcome of attempts to discontinue mechanical ventilation. Spanish Lung Failure Collaborative Group.

            The duration of spontaneous breathing trials before extubation has been set at 2 h in research studies, but the optimal duration is not known. We conducted a prospective, multicenter study involving 526 ventilator-supported patients considered ready for weaning, to compare clinical outcomes for trials of spontaneous breathing with target durations of 30 and 120 min. Of the 270 and 256 patients in the 30- and 120-min trial groups, respectively, 237 (87.8%) and 216 (84.8%), respectively, completed the trial without distress and were extubated (p = 0.32); 32 (13.5%) and 29 (13.4%), respectively, of these patients required reintubation within 48 h. The percentage of patients who remained extubated for 48 h after a spontaneous breathing trial did not differ in the 30- and 120-min trial groups (75.9% versus 73.0%, respectively, p = 0.43). The 30- and 120-min trial groups had similar within-unit mortality rates (13 and 9%, respectively) and in-hospital mortality rates (19 and 18%, respectively). Reintubation was required in 61 (13.5%) patients, and these patients had a higher mortality (20 of 61, 32.8%) than did patients who tolerated extubation (18 of 392, 4.6%) (p < 0.001). Neither measurements of respiratory frequency, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and oxygen saturation during the trial, nor other functional measurements before the trial discriminated between patients who required reintubation from those who tolerated extubation. In conclusion, after a first trial of spontaneous breathing, successful extubation was achieved equally effectively with trials targeted to last 30 and 120 min.
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              Comparison of three methods of gradual withdrawal from ventilatory support during weaning from mechanical ventilation.

              Several modalities of ventilatory support have been proposed to gradually withdraw patients from mechanical ventilation, but their respective effects on the outcome of weaning from mechanical ventilation are not known. We conducted a randomized trial in three intensive care units in mechanically ventilated patients who met standard weaning criteria. Those who could not sustain 2 h of spontaneous breathing were randomly assigned to be weaned with T-piece trials, with synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV), or with pressure support ventilation (PSV). Specific criteria for performing tracheal extubation were defined for each modality. The number of patients who could not be separated from the ventilator at 21 d (i.e., who failed to wean) was compared between the groups. Patients in whom tracheal intubation was required in a 48-h period following extubation were also classified as failures. Among 456 mechanically ventilated patients who met weaning criteria, 109 entered into the study (35 with T piece, 43 with SIMV, and 31 with PSV). The three groups were comparable in terms of etiology of disease or characteristics at entry in the study. When all causes for weaning failure were considered, a lower number of failures was found with PSV than with the other two modes, with the difference just reaching the level of significance (23% for PSV, 43% for T piece, 42% for SIMV; p = 0.05). After excluding patients whose weaning was terminated for complications unrelated to the weaning process, the difference became highly significant (8% for PSV versus 33% and 39%, p < 0.025).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                magnetf@kliniken-koeln.de
                Journal
                Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed
                Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed
                Medizinische Klinik, Intensivmedizin Und Notfallmedizin
                Springer Medizin (Heidelberg )
                2193-6218
                2193-6226
                7 August 2019
                2020
                : 115
                : 4
                : 300-306
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.461712.7, ISNI 0000 0004 0391 1512, Department of Pneumology, Cologne Merheim Hospital, , Kliniken der Stadt Köln gGmbH, ; Ostmerheimer Straße 200, 51109 Cologne, Germany
                [2 ]GRID grid.492051.b, ISNI 0000 0004 0390 3256, Department of Internal Medicine, , Park-Klinik Weissensee, ; Berlin, Germany
                [3 ]Department of Intensive Care, Sleep Medicine and Mechanical Ventilation, Asklepios Fachkliniken Munich-Gauting, Munich, Germany
                [4 ]Department of Pneumology, University Medical Hospital, Freiburg, Germany
                [5 ]GRID grid.412581.b, ISNI 0000 0000 9024 6397, Faculty of Health/School of Medicine, , Witten/Herdecke University, ; Witten, Germany
                Author notes
                [Redaktion]

                M. Buerke, Siegen

                Article
                599
                10.1007/s00063-019-0599-y
                7223831
                31392353
                c8e7cd6f-ff3d-48ec-800e-e3a2fc37a3fc
                © Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature 2019

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

                History
                : 11 December 2018
                : 15 May 2019
                : 29 June 2019
                Categories
                Originalien
                Custom metadata
                © Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature 2020

                chronic respiratory failure,invasive mechanical ventilation,prolonged weaning,rapid shallow breathing index,home mechanical ventilation,chronische respiratorische insuffizienz,invasive beatmung,prolongiertes weaning,außerklinische beatmung

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