Identification and quantitation of N-(carboxymethyl)valine adduct in hemoglobin by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.

Abstract

A sensitive, specific and reproducible method was developed for the quantitation of the hemoglobin (Hb) adduct N-(carboxymethyl)valine (CMV). This adduct is one of various products from the Maillard reaction, involving reducing sugars and amino acids, proteins or other molecules with a free amino group. Such adducts, including N epsilon-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML), are called advanced glycation end products (AGE) and have been correlated with aging and severity of diabetes in human tissues. This method was developed to examine the CMV-Hb adduct as a possible AGE formed by reaction of Hb with glucose or other oxidation products. CMV was cleaved selectively from isolated globin using pentafluorophenyl isothiocyanate (PFPITC) in a modified Edman degradation at pH 9.5. The carboxyl group of the adduct was derivatized to its methyl ester with diazomethane. The resulting derivative, 5-isopropyl-1-(methyl acetate)-3-pentafluorophenyl-2-thiohydantoin, was detected by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring (GC/SIM/MS). Quantitation was based on the response factor of the derivative molecular ion (m/z 396) from synthesized CMV and N-(2-carboxyethyl)valine (molecular ion m/z 410) as internal standard. This method exhibits reproducibility and linearity in the range 0.2-100 ng CMV. The limit of quantitation (0.2 ng CMV) gave a signal-to-noise ratio greater than 5:1 using a 1:30 sample aliquot. The GC/SIM/MS method can detect CMV adduct in 5 mg globin samples with relative standard deviations less than 5%. This approach avoids tedious acid hydrolysis and interference from other amino acids. The molecular ion and other CMV derivative ion assignments from samples were confirmed by accurate mass determinations using GC/high resolution SIM/MS. Measurements from random mouse, rat and human globin samples gave mean CMV levels of about 6, 5 and 14 nmol g-1 Hb in these species, respectively.