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      The RXFP2-PLC/PKC signaling pathway mediates INSL3-induced regulation of the proliferation, migration and apoptosis of mouse gubernacular cells

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          Abstract

          Background

          Testicular hypoplasia can affect the sexual and reproductive ability in adulthood, and even increase the risk of cancer. Abnormal development of the gubernaculum is one of the important factors of testicular hypoplasia. Therefore, a study of the structure and function of the gubernaculum is an important but neglected new breakthrough point for investigating the normal/abnormal development of the testis. Previous findings showed that Insulin like factor 3 (INSL3) is a key factor regulating the growth of gubernaculum, however, the mechanism by which INSL3 acts on the gubernaculum remains unknown. Therefore, we probed the mechanism associated with INSL3-induced the proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of gubernacular cells in mice.

          Methods

          A culture cell model of neonatal mice gubernaculum is established by INSL3 intervention. We blocked PLC/PKC signaling pathway with U73122 pretreat to investigate the role of the PLC/PKC signaling pathway. The changes of cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis were detected by molecular biological methods. In addition, the levels of PCNA and F-action were detected by immunofluorescence and western blotting.

          Results

          We found that INSL3 can promote the proliferation and migration of gubernacular cells and inhibit their apoptosis, meanwhile, INSL3 significantly up-regulated PLC/PKC protein phosphorylation. However, treatment with the PLC/PKC signaling pathway inhibitor U73122 significantly inhibited these effects of INSL3. Besides, we found that INSL3 could up-regulate the protein expression level of PCNA and F-actin, while the PCNA and F-actin expression was significantly weakened after U73122 pretreatment.

          Conclusions

          This research revealed that INSL3 binding to RXFP2 may up-regulate the expression levels of PCNA and F-actin by activating the PLC/PKC signaling pathway to promote the proliferation and migration of gubernacular cells. It suggests that the RXFP2-PLC/PKC axis may serve as a novel molecular mechanism by which INSL3 regulates growth of the gubernaculum.

          Supplementary Information

          The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s11658-023-00433-0.

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          Most cited references40

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          Human PCNA Structure, Function, and Interactions

          Amaia González-Magaña, Francisco Blanco (2020)
          Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is an essential factor in DNA replication and repair. It forms a homotrimeric ring that embraces the DNA and slides along it, anchoring DNA polymerases and other DNA editing enzymes. It also interacts with regulatory proteins through a sequence motif known as PCNA Interacting Protein box (PIP-box). We here review the latest contributions to knowledge regarding the structure-function relationships in human PCNA, particularly the mechanism of sliding, and of the molecular recognition of canonical and non-canonical PIP motifs. The unique binding mode of the oncogene p15 is described in detail, and the implications of the recently discovered structure of PCNA bound to polymerase δ are discussed. The study of the post-translational modifications of PCNA and its partners may yield therapeutic opportunities in cancer treatment, in addition to illuminating the way PCNA coordinates the dynamic exchange of its many partners in DNA replication and repair.
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            Three F-actin assembly centers regulate organelle inheritance, cell-cell communication and motility in Toxoplasma gondii

            Nicolò Tosetti, Nicolas Dos Santos Pacheco, Dominique Soldati-Favre … (2019)
            Toxoplasma gondii possesses a limited set of actin-regulatory proteins and relies on only three formins (FRMs) to nucleate and polymerize actin. We combined filamentous actin (F-actin) chromobodies with gene disruption to assign specific populations of actin filaments to individual formins. FRM2 localizes to the apical juxtanuclear region and participates in apicoplast inheritance. Restricted to the residual body, FRM3 maintains the intravacuolar cell-cell communication. Conoidal FRM1 initiates a flux of F-actin crucial for motility, invasion and egress. This flux depends on myosins A and H and is controlled by phosphorylation via PKG (protein kinase G) and CDPK1 (calcium-dependent protein kinase 1) and by methylation via AKMT (apical lysine methyltransferase). This flux is independent of microneme secretion and persists in the absence of the glideosome-associated connector (GAC). This study offers a coherent model of the key players controlling actin polymerization, stressing the importance of well-timed post-translational modifications to power parasite motility.
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              The regulation of testicular descent and the effects of cryptorchidism.

              Bridget R Southwell, G Lie, J Hutson … (2013)
              The first half of this review examines the boundary between endocrinology and embryonic development, with the aim of highlighting the way hormones and signaling systems regulate the complex morphological changes to enable the intra-abdominal fetal testes to reach the scrotum. The genitoinguinal ligament, or gubernaculum, first enlarges to hold the testis near the groin, and then it develops limb-bud-like properties and migrates across the pubic region to reach the scrotum. Recent advances show key roles for insulin-like hormone 3 in the first step, with androgen and the genitofemoral nerve involved in the second step. The mammary line may also be involved in initiating the migration. The key events in early postnatal germ cell development are then reviewed because there is mounting evidence for this to be crucial in preventing infertility and malignancy later in life. We review the recent advances in what is known about the etiology of cryptorchidism and summarize the syndromes where a specific molecular cause has been found. Finally, we cover the recent literature on timing of surgery, the issues around acquired cryptorchidism, and the limited role of hormone therapy. We conclude with some observations about the differences between animal models and baby boys with cryptorchidism.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Yao Xie:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3539-6741
                stxieyao@163.com
                Xiaojun Xie: xjxie79@163.com
                Xuan Zhang: zhxuan2006@126.com
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Cell Mol Biol Lett
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Cell Mol Biol Lett
                Title: Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Print): 1425-8153
                ISSN (Electronic): 1689-1392
                Publication date (Electronic): 27 February 2023
                Publication date PMC-release: 27 February 2023
                Publication date Collection: 2023
                Volume: 28
                Electronic Location Identifier: 16
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.33199.31, ISNI 0000 0004 0368 7223, Department of Pediatric Surgery, , Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital (Nanshan Hospital), ; No. 89 Taoyuan Road, Shenzhen, 518052 Guangdong China
                [2 ]GRID grid.412614.4, ISNI 0000 0004 6020 6107, Department of Pediatric Surgery, , The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, ; No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, 515041 Guangdong China
                [3 ]GRID grid.284723.8, ISNI 0000 0000 8877 7471, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Pingshan District Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen, , Pingshan General Hospital of Southern Medical University, ; No. 6 Longxingnan Road, Shenzhen, 518118 Guangdong China
                [4 ]GRID grid.452836.e, ISNI 0000 0004 1798 1271, Department of Pediatric Surgery, , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, ; No. 69 Dongxiabei Road, Shantou, 515041 Guangdong China
                [5 ]GRID grid.411917.b, Department of Radiology, , Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, ; No. 7 Raoping Road, Shantou, 515041 Guangdong China
                [6 ]GRID grid.412614.4, ISNI 0000 0004 6020 6107, Department of General Surgery, , The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, ; No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, 515041 Guangdong China
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3539-6741
                Article
                Publisher ID: 433
                DOI: 10.1186/s11658-023-00433-0
                PMC ID: 9972740
                PubMed ID: 36849880
                SO-VID: cb15c49c-d67c-4896-a63f-c55504e219a7
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2023
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                Date received : 9 January 2023
                Date accepted : 20 February 2023
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809, National Natural Science Foundation of China;
                Award ID: 81801432
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province of China
                Award ID: 2022A1515010407
                Award ID: 2018A030307045
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Subject: Research Letter
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2023

                Keywords: insl3,rxfp2,plc/pkc,gubernaculum,signaling pathway
                Data availability:
                Keywords: insl3, rxfp2, plc/pkc, gubernaculum, signaling pathway

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