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      Imaging in tuberculosis-associated uveitis

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          Abstract

          Intraocular tuberculosis (TB) can have several clinical presentations, affecting nearly every tissue of the eye. These clinical signs have specific imaging characteristics which help in associating them with tuberculous etiology. This review enumerates the conventional and emerging imaging techniques for intraocular TB and highlights their clinical application for diagnosis and management of specific clinical presentations.

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          Intraocular tuberculosis--an update.

          Vishali Gupta, Amod Gupta, Narsing A Rao (2007)
          The lack of any uniform diagnostic criteria for intraocular tuberculosis, in either immunocompetent or immunocompromised individuals, has contributed to the confusion regarding diagnosis and management. However, recent studies addressing the clinical significance of purified protein derivative test results, computerized tomography of the chest, and molecular diagnostic procedures have provided a new approach to establishing the diagnosis of ocular tuberculosis. The current review focuses on the diagnostic modalities used for the clinical management of intraocular tuberculosis, with the emphasis on diagnostic criteria, various clinical features, and treatments recommended in recent publications. Furthermore, the current review addresses the diagnostic criteria for intraocular tuberculosis, the spectrum of tuberculosis in patients with AIDS and in those on anti-tumor necrosis factor agents, and management of drug-resistant tuberculosis.
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            Optical coherence tomography: imaging of the choroid and beyond.

            Sarah Mrejen, Richard Spaide (2016)
            Seventy percent of the blood flow to the eye goes to the choroid, a structure that is vitally important to the function of the retina. The in vivo structure of the choroid in health and disease is incompletely visualized with traditional imaging modalities, including indocyanine green angiography, ultrasonography, and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT). Use of new OCT modalities, including enhanced depth imaging OCT, image averaging, and swept-source OCT, have led to increased visualization of the choroidal anatomy. The correlation of these new anatomical findings with other imaging modalities results increases understanding of many eye diseases and recognises of new ones. The status of the choroid appears to be a crucial determinant in the pathogenesis of diseases such as age-related choroidal atrophy, myopic chorioretinal atrophy, central serous chorioretinopathy, chorioretinal inflammatory diseases, and tumors. Extension of these imaging techniques has provided insights into abnormalities of the sclera and optic nerve. Future developments will include blood flow information, 3D rendering of various ocular structures, and the ability to evaluate changes in 3D structural information over time (4D imaging). Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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              Investigating the choriocapillaris and choroidal vasculature with new optical coherence tomography technologies.

              Daniela Ferrara, Nadia K. Waheed, Jay Duker (2016)
              The body of knowledge of in vivo investigation of the choroid has been markedly enhanced by recent technological advances in optical coherence tomography (OCT). New insights elucidating the morphological features of the choriocapillaris and choroidal vasculature, in both physiological and pathological conditions, indicate that the choroid plays a pivotal role in many posterior segment diseases. In this article, a review of the histological characteristics of the choroid, which must be considered for the proper interpretation of in vivo imaging, is followed by a comprehensive discussion of fundamental principles of the current state-of-the-art in OCT, including cross-sectional OCT, en face OCT, and OCT angiography using both spectral domain OCT and swept source OCT technologies. A detailed review of the tomographic features of the choroid in the normal eye is followed by relevant findings in prevalent chorioretinal diseases, focusing on major causes of vision loss such as typical early and advanced age-related macular degeneration, polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy, central serous chorioretinopathy, pachychoroid spectrum disorders, diabetic choroidopathy, and myopia.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Indian J Ophthalmol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Indian J Ophthalmol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): IJO
                Title: Indian Journal of Ophthalmology
                Publisher: Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd (India )
                ISSN (Print): 0301-4738
                ISSN (Electronic): 1998-3689
                Publication date (Print): April 2017
                Volume: 65
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 264-270
                Affiliations
                [1]Advanced Eye Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
                [1 ]Advanced Eye Centre, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
                [2 ]Department of Ophthalmology, USC School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
                [3 ]Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science Luigi Sacco, Eye Clinic, Luigi Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
                [4 ]Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
                Author notes
                Correspondence to: Dr. Soumyava Basu, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Patia, Bhubaneswar - 751 024, Odisha, India. E-mail: basu@ 123456lvpei.org
                Article
                Publisher ID: IJO-65-264
                DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_464_16
                PMC ID: 5452576
                PubMed ID: 28513488
                SO-VID: cdb2aae9-9ef1-4e5d-8ed0-fdf78814e4d3
                Copyright © Copyright: © 2017 Indian Journal of Ophthalmology
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

                History
                Date received : 08 June 2016
                Date accepted : 06 April 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Ophthalmology & Optometry
                Keywords: imaging,multimodal imaging,optical coherence tomography angiography,tuberculosis,uveitis
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Ophthalmology & Optometry
                Keywords: imaging, multimodal imaging, optical coherence tomography angiography, tuberculosis, uveitis

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