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      Onicomicosis: Revisión del tema

      review-article
      , ,
      Revista Médica del Uruguay
      Sindicato Médico del Uruguay
      ONICOMICOSIS, ONICOMICOSIS, ONICOMICOSIS

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          Abstract

          El término onicomicosis se refiere a la enfermedad de la uña causada por hongos. En el origen de la misma se involucran tres grupos de hongos: los dermatofitos, las levaduras y los mohos no dermatofitos. Las onicomicosis constituyen una enfermedad frecuente en la práctica médica, con impacto considerable en lo emocional, social, laboral y económico. En este artículo se revisan las principales características clínicas y epidemiológicas de las onicomicosis, se analizan los diferentes agentes causantes y se actualizan los aspectos relevantes de esta enfermedad haciendo énfasis en el manejo diagnóstico y terapéutico, ya que estos puntos son los que ocasionan mayores dificultades en la práctica clínica. Finalmente, se hacen consideraciones sobre la importancia del diagnóstico micológico y el rol del laboratorio y del especialista en dicho diagnóstico y con respecto al tratamiento se enumeran recomendaciones en relación al uso de los diferentes fármacos y pautas terapéuticas.

          Translated abstract

          Résumé Le terme onychomycose fait allusion à la maladie de l'ongle causée par champignon. Trois groupes de champignons en sont engagés: les dermatophytes, les levures et les moisis pas dermatophytes. Les onychomycoses constituent une maladie fréquente dans la pratique médicale, et elle a une influence considérable en ce qui concerne la vie affective, sociale, laborale et économique. Dans cet article, on révise les principales caractéristiques cliniques et épidémiologiques des onychomycoses, on analyse les différents agents qui les causent et on actualise les aspects remarquables de cette maladie en mettant l'accent sur le diagnostic et la thérapeutique, étant donné que ce sont ces aspects-là qui présentent le plus de difficultés dans la pratique clinique. Finalement, on fait des remarques sur l'importance du diagnostic mycologique et le rôle du laboratoire et du spécialiste, et en ce qui concerne le traitement, on fait des recommandations sur l'emploi des médicaments ordonnés et sur les lignes thérapeutiques.

          Translated abstract

          Summary Onychomycosis is a fingernails or toenails disease. Fungis committed are dermatophytes, yeast and nondermato-phyte mould. It is a frequent disease with impact at emotional, social, and economical levels. The paper revised clinical and epidemiological features of onychomycosis and causing agents. An updated of diagnosis and treatment management is also included since primary clinical difficulties are seen at this level. Finally the importance of mycological diagnosis and the roles of laboratories and specialists in the diagnostic determination are highlighted; treatment guidelines are listed.

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          Most cited references120

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          Onychomycosis: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management.

          Although not life-threatening, onychomycosis (a fungal infection of the nail, usually caused by a dermatophyte) constitutes an important public health problem because of its high prevalence (about 10% of the U.S. population) and associated morbidity. The disease can have certain negative consequences for patients, such as pain, and can potentially undermine work and social lives. This review discusses the etiology, classification, diagnosis, and treatment of onychomycosis. Four types of onychomycosis are recognized based on the site and pattern of fungal invasion. Dermatophyte fungi are the predominant pathogens, but yeasts (especially Candida albicans) and nondermatophyte molds may also be implicated. Accurate diagnosis requires direct microscopy and fungal culture. The differential diagnosis includes psoriasis, lichen planus, onychogryphosis, and nail trauma. Onychomycosis is more difficult to treat than most dermatophytoses because of the inherent slow growth of the nail. Older antifungal agents (ketoconazole and griseofulvin) are unsuitable for onychomycosis because of their relatively poor efficacy and potential adverse effects. Three recently developed antimycotic agents (fluconazole, itraconazole, and terbinafine) offer high cure rates and good safety profiles. In addition, the short treatment times (< 3 months) and intermittent dosing schedules are likely to enhance compliance and reduce the costs of therapy.
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            New and emerging yeast pathogens.

            K C Hazen (1995)
            The most common yeast species that act as agents of human disease are Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, and Cryptococcus neoformans. The incidence of infections by other yeasts has increased during the past decade. The most evident emerging pathogens are Malassezia furfur, Trichosporon beigelii, Rhodotorula species, Hansenula anomala, Candida lusitaniae, and Candida krusei. Organisms once considered environmental contaminants or only industrially important, such as Candida utilis and Candida lipolytica, have now been implicated as agents of fungemia, onychomycosis, and systemic disease. The unusual yeasts primarily infect immunocompromised patients, newborns, and the elderly. The role of central venous catheter removal and antifungal therapy in patient management is controversial. The antibiograms of the unusual yeasts range from resistant to the most recent azoles and amphotericin B to highly susceptible to all antifungal agents. Current routine methods for yeast identification may be insufficient to identify the unusual yeasts within 2 days after isolation. The recognition of unusual yeasts as agents of sometimes life-threatening infection and their unpredictable antifungal susceptibilities increase the burden on the clinical mycology laboratory to pursue complete species identification and MIC determinations. Given the current and evolving medical practices for management of seriously ill patients, further evaluations of the clinically important data about these yeasts are needed.
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              Resistance of Candida species to antifungal agents: molecular mechanisms and clinical consequences.

              Candida albicans and related species pathogenic for man become resistant to antifungal agents, in particular triazole compounds, by expression of efflux pumps that reduce drug accumulation, alteration of the structure or concentration of antifungal target proteins, and alteration of membrane sterol composition. The clinical consequences of antifungal resistance can be seen in treatment failures in patients and in changes in the prevalences of Candida species causing disease. These effects were seen unequivocally in HIV-infected patients with oropharyngeal candida infections, but their incidence has decreased dramatically with the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy. The evidence for similar emergence of antifungal-resistant yeast strains and species in other types of candida infections is confounded by non-standardised susceptibility testing methods and definitions of a resistant fungal isolate. Recent large-scale surveys of yeasts isolated from blood cultures, based on standardised methodology and resistance definitions, do not support the view that antifungal resistance in pathogenic yeasts constitutes a significant or growing therapeutic problem.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rmu
                Revista Médica del Uruguay
                Rev. Méd. Urug.
                Sindicato Médico del Uruguay (Montevideo, , Uruguay )
                0303-3295
                1688-0390
                August 2003
                : 19
                : 2
                : 93-106
                Affiliations
                [02] orgnameUniversidad de la República orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina orgdiv2Instituto de Higiene
                [01] orgnameUniversidad de la República orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina orgdiv2Hospital de Clínicas Uruguay
                Article
                S1688-03902003000200003 S1688-0390(03)01900203
                cf01fa07-4160-4f9b-ad7d-04e178398db6

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 25 May 2003
                : 20 January 2003
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 106, Pages: 14
                Product

                SciELO Uruguay

                Categories
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                ONICOMICOSIS
                ONICOMICOSIS

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