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      Intrusion of posterior teeth using miniplates: intrusive mechanics is not the same as intrusion force

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          ABSTRACT

          Objective:

          Biologically explain some of the bone mechanisms involved in the intrusion, or intrusive effect, of teeth submitted to skeletal open bite correction using four miniplates.

          Methods:

          The results of dental intrusion were measured and compared in 3D reconstructions of cone beam computed tomography scans taken before and after treatment of 20 patients with skeletal open bite, aged between 18 and 59 years.

          Results:

          The results allow deducing that the compression and traction forces biologically promoted deformation or deflection of the osteocyte network that controls bone design, and these effects involved the external and internal surfaces of the bone, with the formation of new layers, including the cervical portion of the alveolar bone crest. This helps understanding how dental intrusion occurs in intrusive mechanics, whose forces are of inclination rather than intrusion. The root resorptions caused by the use of miniplates were insignificant, due to the more homogeneous distribution of forces in the several teeth simultaneously involved.

          Conclusion:

          Imaging studies in CT scans tend to capture in details the subperiosteal and endosteal phenomena of dental intrusion - before and after the application of intrusive mechanics -, in the form of a set of modifications called dental intrusion or intrusive effect .

          RESUMO

          Objetivo:

          Explicar, biologicamente, alguns dos mecanismos ósseos envolvidos na intrusão, ou efeito intrusivo, de dentes submetidos à correção da mordida aberta esquelética por meio do uso de quatro miniplacas.

          Métodos:

          Foram mensurados, em reconstruções 3D de tomografias computadorizadas de feixe cônico, os resultados da intrusão dentária, comparando-se o antes e o depois em 20 pacientes com mordida aberta esquelética, com idades entre 18 e 59 anos.

          Resultados:

          Os resultados permitem deduzir que as forças de compressão e de tração promovem, biologicamente, deformação ou deflexão da rede osteocítica controladora do design ósseo, e esses efeitos envolvem as superfícies externas e internas do osso, com formação de novas camadas, incluindo a parte cervical da crista óssea alveolar. Isso ajuda a compreender como ocorre a intrusão dentária nas mecânicas intrusivas cujas forças são de inclinação, e não de intrusão. As reabsorções radiculares promovidas pelo uso de miniplacas são insignificantes, em função da distribuição mais homogênea das forças nos vários dentes simultaneamente envolvidos.

          Conclusão:

          Os estudos imagiológicos tendem a captar, nas tomografias, cada vez mais detalhadamente os fenômenos subperiosteais e endosteais da intrusão dentária nos pacientes - antes e depois da aplicação das mecânicas intrusivas -, na forma de um conjunto de modificações que se chama intrusão dentária ou efeito intrusivo.

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          Most cited references22

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          Skeletal anchorage system for open-bite correction.

          A skeletal anchorage system was developed for tooth movements. It consists of a titanium miniplate that is temporarily implanted in the maxilla or the mandible as an immobile anchorage. In this article, we introduce the skeletal anchorage system to intrude the lower molars in open-bite malocclusion and evaluate the results of treatment in two severe open-bite cases that underwent orthodontic treatment with the system. Titanium miniplates were fixed at the buccal cortical bone around the apical regions of the lower first and second molars on both the right and left sides. Elastic threads were used as a source of orthodontic force to reduce excessive molar height. The lower molars were intruded about 3 to 5 mm, and open-bite was significantly improved with little if any extrusion of the lower incisors. No serious side-effects were observed during the orthodontic treatment. The system was also very effective for controlling the cant and level of the occlusal plane during orthodontic open-bite correction.
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            Predicting and preventing root resorption: Part II. Treatment factors.

            The main objective of this study was to determine which treatment factors are most clearly identified with external apical root resorption that is detectable on periapical radiographs at the end of orthodontic treatment. The records of 868 patients who completed fixed, edgewise treatment from experienced clinicians in private practice were examined. The horizontal and vertical displacement of the root apex of the maxillary central incisor was measured on cephalometric radiographs. Patients who underwent first premolar extraction therapy had more resorption than those patients who had no extractions or had only maxillary first premolars removed. Duration of treatment and the horizontal (but not vertical) displacement of the incisor apices were significantly associated with root resorption. No differences were found for slot size, archwire type, use of elastics, and types of expansion. However, there was considerable variation among the 6 offices that were surveyed; 1 office averaged nearly a full millimeter more of resorption per anterior tooth than the office with the least amount of root resorption. We conclude that the clinician should exercise caution with those patients in whom extraction therapy is planned for overjet correction that requires above average treatment time. Finally, each clinician should be aware that the root resorption seen in one practice may be different from the root resorption found in another practice.
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              A clinical and histological evaluation of titanium mini-implants as anchors for orthodontic intrusion in the beagle dog.

              The aim of this study was to determine the anchorage potential of the titanium mini-implant for orthodontic intrusion of the mandibular posterior teeth. Six mini-implants were surgically placed around the mandibular third premolars on each side in 3 adult male beagle dogs. On the buccal site, three mini-implants were placed distal to the apex of the distal root of the third premolar, at the interradicular septa of the third premolar, and mesial to the apex of the mesial root of the third premolar, as linearly as possible. The same procedure was performed at the lingual site on both sides of the mandibular third premolars in each dog. Bilateral interradicular mini-implants on both the buccal and the lingual sites were used as the anchorage for the intrusion of the third premolars (loaded implants) and the other mini-implants were used as control (unloaded) implants. In 6 weeks, an intrusive force (150 g) was applied between the interradicular implants on the buccal and the lingual sites by closed coil springs run across the crowns of the third premolars. After 12 to 18 weeks of orthodontic intrusion, the animals were killed and their mandibles were dissected and prepared for histologic and fluorescent observation. The results indicated that the mandibular third premolars intruded 4.5 mm, on average, after 12 to 18 weeks of orthodontic force application, with mild root resorption at the furcation area as well as the root apex. All the mini-implants remained stable during orthodontic tooth movement without any mobility or displacement. The morphometrical findings indicated that the calcification of the peri-implant bone on the loaded implants was equal to or slightly greater than those of the controls. In addition, 6 of the 36 mini-implants were removed after tooth movement, and all of them were easily removed with a screwdriver. These findings suggest that mini-implants are effective tools for the anchorage of orthodontic intrusion in beagle dogs.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Dental Press J Orthod
                Dental Press J Orthod
                dpjo
                Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics
                Dental Press International
                2176-9451
                2177-6709
                25 October 2021
                2021
                : 26
                : 5
                : e21ins5
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ortodontia (Campinas/SP, Brazil).
                [2 ]Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru (Bauru/SP, Brazil). Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Odontopediatria (Ribeirão Preto/SP, Brazil).
                [2a]Universidade de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Odontopediatria, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
                Author notes

                AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS: Suzana T. M. P. M. Apolinário (STMPM)

                Aparecida Fernanda Meloti (AFM)

                Ertty Silva (ES)

                Mauricio de Almeida Cardoso (MAC)

                Alberto Consolaro (AC)

                Conception or design of the study:

                STMPM, ES, MAC, AC.

                Data acquisition, analysis or interpretation:

                STMPM, AFM, ES, MAC, AC.

                Writing the article:

                STMPM, AFM, MAC, AC.

                Critical revision of the article:

                AFM, ES, MAC, AC.

                Final approval of the article:

                STMPM, ES, MAC, AC

                The authors report no commercial, proprietary or financial interest in the products or companies described in this article.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7228-184X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9336-1045
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0358-5465
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6579-7095
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-5646
                Article
                00200
                10.1590/2177-6709.26.5.e21ins5
                8576853
                cf21ed87-40b8-4978-ba00-d5a9109781a7

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License

                History
                : 04 August 2021
                : 26 August 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 22
                Categories
                Orthodontic Insight

                intrusion,skeletal open bite,root resorption,intrusive mechanics,miniplates,absolute anchorage

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