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      Monitoring the antimicrobial susceptibility of Gram-negative organisms involved in intraabdominal and urinary tract infections recovered during the SMART study (Spain, 2016 and 2017) Translated title: Seguimiento de la sensibilidad antimicrobiana de microorganismos gramnegativos procedentes de infecciones intraabdominales y urinarias del estudio SMART (España, 2016 y 2017)

      research-article
      1 , 2 , , 1 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 6 , 12 , 13 , 13 , the SMART-Spain Working Group
      Revista Española de Quimioterapia
      Sociedad Española de Quimioterapia
      antimicrobial resistance surveillance, intra-abdominal infection, urinary tract infection, extended-spectrum-beta-lactamases, carbapenems, vigilancia epidemiológica de la resistencia, infección intraabdominal, infección urinaria, betalactamasas de espectro extendido, carbapenems

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          Abstract

          Introduction

          Continuous antimicrobial resistance surveillance is recommended by Public Health authorities. We updated data from the SMART (Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends) surveillance study in Spain.

          Material and methods

          The antimicrobial susceptibility data and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production in isolates recovered from intra-abdominal (IAI) (n=1,429) and urinary tract (UTI) (n=937) infections during the 2016-2017 SMART study in 10 Spanish hospitals were analysed.

          Results

          Escherichia coli was the most frequently microorganism isolated (48.3% and 53.7%) followed by Klebsiella spp. (11.5% and 21.9%) in IAIs and UTIs, respectively. Figures for Pseudomonas aeruginosa were 9.0% and 6.1%, being more frequently recovered from patients with nosocomial infections. Overall, 9.9% (IAI) and 14.0% (UTI) of E. coli, Klebsiella spp. and Proteus mirabilis isolates were ESBL-producers, being Klebsiella pneumoniae (34.5%) from UTI of nosocomial origin the most frequent. ESBL-producers were higher in patients >60 years in both IAIs and UTIs. As in previous years, amikacin (96.3%-100% susceptibility), ertapenem (84.2%-100%) and imipenem (70.3%-100%) were the most active antimicrobials tested among Enterobacterales species. The activity of amoxicillin-clavulanic, piperacillin-tazobactam, and ciprofloxacin susceptibility was lower, particularly among ESBL-producers. Ertapenem susceptibility (88.9%-100%) was retained in ESBL- E. coli isolates that were resistant to these antimicrobials but decreased (28.6%-100%) in similar isolates of K. pneumoniae.

          Conclusions

          Continuous antimicrobial resistance surveillance from the SMART study reveals overall maintenance of ESBL-producers in Spain, although with higher presence in isolates from UTIs than from IAIs. Moreover, ertapenem activity was high in E. coli irrespective of ESBL production but decreased in K. pneumoniae, particularly among ESBL-producers.

          Translated abstract

          Introducción

          Las autoridades de Salud Pública recomiendan la vigilancia continua de la resistencia a los antimicrobianos. Se actualizan los datos del estudio SMART ( Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends) en España.

          Material y métodos

          Se analizaron los datos de sensibilidad antimicrobiana y la producción de betalactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE) en aislamientos obtenidos en el estudio SMART de infecciones intraabdominales (IIA) (n=1.429) y del tracto urinario (ITU) (n=937) durante 2016-2017 en 10 hospitales españoles.

          Resultados

          Escherichia coli fue el microorganismo más frecuente (54,5% y 57,5%, respectivamente), seguido de Klebsiella spp. (18,4% y 25,4%) en IIA y en ITU. En Pseudomonas aeruginosa estas cifras fueron 9% y 6%, siendo más frecuente en la infección nosocomial. El 9,9% (IIA) y el 14% (ITU) del total de los aislados de E. coli, Klebsiella spp. y Proteus mirabilis producían BLEE, obteniéndose la tasa más alta en Klebsiella pneumoniae (34.5%) en ITU nosocomial. El mayor porcentaje de aislados con BLEE se observó en pacientes >60 años, tanto en IIA como en ITU. Como en años anteriores, amikacina (sensibilidad 96,3%-100%), ertapenem (84,2%-100%) e imipenem (70,3%-100%) fueron los antimicrobianos más activos en Enterobacterales. La sensibilidad a amoxicilina-ácido clavulánico, piperacilina-tazobactam y ciprofloxacino fue menor, en particular en los productores de BLEE. La sensibilidad a ertapenem (88,9%-100%) se mantuvo en E. coli con BLEE resistente a estos antimicrobianos, pero disminuyó (28,6%-100%) en aislados similares de K. pneumoniae.

          Conclusiones

          La vigilancia continua de la resistencia a los antimicrobianos en el estudio SMART revela el mantenimiento de la frecuencia de aislados productores de BLEE en España, pero con mayor presencia en las ITUs que en las IIAs. Además, la sensibilidad a ertapenem fue alta en E. coli con independencia de la producción de BLEE, pero disminuyó en K. pneumoniae, sobre todo en los productores de BLEE.

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          Most cited references30

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          Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae: an emerging public-health concern.

          The medical community relies on clinical expertise and published guidelines to assist physicians with choices in empirical therapy for system-based infectious syndromes, such as community-acquired pneumonia and urinary-tract infections (UTIs). From the late 1990s, multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (mostly Escherichia coli) that produce extended-spectrum beta lactamases (ESBLs), such as the CTX-M enzymes, have emerged within the community setting as an important cause of UTIs. Recent reports have also described ESBL-producing E coli as a cause of bloodstream infections associated with these community-onset UTIs. The carbapenems are widely regarded as the drugs of choice for the treatment of severe infections caused by ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae, although comparative clinical trials are scarce. Thus, more rapid diagnostic testing of ESBL-producing bacteria and the possible modification of guidelines for community-onset bacteraemia associated with UTIs are required.
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            Global epidemiology of CTX-M β-lactamases: temporal and geographical shifts in genotype.

            Globally, rates of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae are rising. We undertook a literature review, and present the temporal trends in blaCTX-M epidemiology, showing that blaCTX-M-15 and blaCTX-M-14 have displaced other genotypes in many parts of the world. Explanations for these changes can be attributed to: (i) horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of plasmids; (ii) successful Escherichia coli clones; (iii) ESBLs in food animals; (iv) the natural environment; and (v) human migration and access to basic sanitation. We also provide explanations for the changing epidemiology of blaCTX-M-2 and blaCTX-M-27. Modifiable anthropogenic factors, such as poor access to basic sanitary facilities, encourage the spread of blaCTX-M and other antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, such as blaNDM, blaKPC and mcr-1. We provide further justification for novel preventative and interventional strategies to reduce transmission of these AMR genes.
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              • Article: not found

              Treatment of Infections Caused by Extended-Spectrum-Beta-Lactamase-, AmpC-, and Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae

              Therapy of invasive infections due to multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (MDR-E) is challenging, and some of the few active drugs are not available in many countries. For extended-spectrum β-lactamase and AmpC producers, carbapenems are the drugs of choice, but alternatives are needed because the rate of carbapenem resistance is rising. Potential active drugs include classic and newer β-lactam–β-lactamase inhibitor combinations, cephamycins, temocillin, aminoglycosides, tigecycline, fosfomycin, and, rarely, fluoroquinolones or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. These drugs might be considered in some specific situations. AmpC producers are resistant to cephamycins, but cefepime is an option. In the case of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE), only some “second-line” drugs, such as polymyxins, tigecycline, aminoglycosides, and fosfomycin, may be active; double carbapenems can also be considered in specific situations. Combination therapy is associated with better outcomes for high-risk patients, such as those in septic shock or with pneumonia. Ceftazidime-avibactam was recently approved and is active against KPC and OXA-48 producers; the available experience is scarce but promising, although development of resistance is a concern. New drugs active against some CPE isolates are in different stages of development, including meropenem-vaborbactam, imipenem-relebactam, plazomicin, cefiderocol, eravacycline, and aztreonam-avibactam. Overall, therapy of MDR-E infection must be individualized according to the susceptibility profile, type, and severity of infection and the features of the patient.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Rev Esp Quimioter
                Rev Esp Quimioter
                Sociedad Española de Quimioterapia
                Revista Española de Quimioterapia
                Sociedad Española de Quimioterapia
                0214-3429
                1988-9518
                29 March 2019
                April 2019
                : 32
                : 2
                : 145-155
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
                [2 ]Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa (REIPI), Madrid, Spain
                [3 ]Servicio de Microbiología. Unidad Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva. Departamento de Microbiologia Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
                [4 ]Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza. IIS Aragón, Spain
                [5 ]Servicio de Microbiología y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
                [6 ]Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
                [7 ]Servicio de Microbiología. Hospital Universitario Son Espases e Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Islas Baleares (IDISBA), Mallorca, Spain
                [8 ]Servicio de Microbiología Clínica, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
                [9 ]Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
                [10 ]Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla e Instituto de Investigación Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
                [11 ]Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva. Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena. Sevilla, Spain
                [12 ]Servicio de Microbiología Hospital Universitario Bellvitge e Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
                [13 ]Departamento Médico MSD España, Madrid, Spain
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Rafael Cantón. Servicio de Microbiología. Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal. Carretera de Colmenar Km 9,1. 28034 Madrid. Spain. Phone. +34913368330. E-mail: rafael.canton@ 123456salud.madrid.org
                Article
                revespquimioter-32-145
                6441989
                30761824
                cfbe760f-5dc3-4792-94fc-a5107f5a8f44
                © The Author 2019

                The article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)

                History
                : 9 December 2018
                : 09 January 2019
                Categories
                Original

                antimicrobial resistance surveillance,intra-abdominal infection,urinary tract infection,extended-spectrum-beta-lactamases,carbapenems,vigilancia epidemiológica de la resistencia,infección intraabdominal,infección urinaria,betalactamasas de espectro extendido

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