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      Echinococcus multilocularis in Urban Coyotes, Alberta, Canada

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          Abstract

          Echinococcus multilocularis is a zoonotic parasite in wild canids. We determined its frequency in urban coyotes ( Canis latrans) in Alberta, Canada. We detected E. multilocularis in 23 of 91 coyotes in this region. This parasite is a public health concern throughout the Northern Hemisphere, partly because of increased urbanization of wild canids.

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          Biological, epidemiological, and clinical aspects of echinococcosis, a zoonosis of increasing concern.

          Johannes Eckert, Peter Deplazes (2004)
          Echinococcosis in humans is a zoonotic infection caused by larval stages (metacestodes) of cestode species of the genus Echinococcus. Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is caused by Echinococcus granulosus, alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is caused by E. multilocularis, and polycystic forms are caused by either E. vogeli or E. oligarthrus. In untreated cases, AE has a high mortality rate. Although control is essentially feasible, CE remains a considerable health problem in many regions of the northern and southern hemispheres. AE is restricted to the northern hemisphere regions of North America and Eurasia. Recent studies have shown that E. multilocularis, the causative agent of AE, is more widely distributed than previously thought. There are also some hints of an increasing significance of polycystic forms of the disease, which are restricted to Central and South America. Various aspects of human echinococcosis are discussed in this review, including data on the infectivity of genetic variants of E. granulosus to humans, the increasing invasion of cities in Europe and Japan by red foxes, the main definitive hosts of E. multilocularis, and the first demonstration of urban cycles of the parasite. Examples of emergence or reemergence of CE are presented, and the question of potential spreading of E. multilocularis is critically assessed. Furthermore, information is presented on new and improved tools for diagnosing the infection in final hosts (dogs, foxes, and cats) by coproantigen or DNA detection and the application of molecular techniques to epidemiological studies. In the clinical field, the available methods for diagnosing human CE and AE are described and the treatment options are summarized. The development of new chemotherapeutic options for all forms of human echinococcosis remains an urgent requirement. A new option for the control of E. granulosus in the intermediate host population (mainly sheep and cattle) is vaccination. Attempts are made to reduce the prevalence of E. multilocualaris in fox populations by regular baiting with an anthelmintic (praziquantel). Recent data have shown that this control option may be used in restricted areas, for example in cities, with the aim of reducing the infection risk for humans.
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            Biological, Epidemiological, and Clinical Aspects of Echinococcosis, a Zoonosis of Increasing Concern

            J. Eckert, P Deplazes (2004)
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              Identification of taeniid eggs in the faeces from carnivores based on multiplex PCR using targets in mitochondrial DNA.

              P Deplazes, Robert A. Mathis, D Trachsel (2007)
              A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was evaluated for the identification of morphologically indistinguishable eggs of the taeniid tapeworms from carnivores using primers targeting mitochondrial genes. The primers for Echinococcus multilocularis (amplicon size 395 bp) were species-specific as assessed by in silico analysis and in the PCR using well-defined control samples. The design of primers that specifically amplify DNA from E. granulosus or Taenia spp. was not possible. The primers designed for E. granulosus also amplified DNA (117 bp) from E. vogeli, and those designed for Taenia spp. amplified products (267 bp) from species of Mesocestoides, Dipylidium and Diphyllobothrium. Nevertheless, as our diagnostic approach includes the concentration of taeniid eggs by sequential sieving and flotation, followed by their morphological detection, this non-specificity has limited practical importance. Sequence analysis of the corresponding amplicon can identify most of the described E. granulosus genotypes. Taenia spp. can be identified by direct sequencing of the 267 bp amplicon, or, for most species, by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. The multiplex PCR was readily able to detect 1 egg (estimated to contain 7000 targets, as determined by quantitative PCR). Having been validated using a panel of well-defined samples from carnivores with known infection status, this approach proved to be useful for the identification of taeniid eggs from both individual animals and for epidemiological studies.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Emerg Infect Dis
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Emerging Infect. Dis
                Journal ID (publisher-id): EID
                Title: Emerging Infectious Diseases
                Publisher: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
                ISSN (Print): 1080-6040
                ISSN (Electronic): 1080-6059
                Publication date (Print): October 2012
                Volume: 18
                Issue: 10
                Pages: 1625-1628
                Affiliations
                [1]University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (S. Catalano, M. Lejeune, S. Liccioli, G.G. Verocai, S.J. Kutz, P.J. Duignan, A. Massolo);
                [2]University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (K.M. Gesy, E.J. Jenkins);
                [3]and Ross University, Basseterre, Saint Kitts, Saint Kitts, and Nevis (C. Fuentealba)
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Alessandro Massolo, Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary AB T2N 4Z6, Canada; email: amassolo@ 123456ucalgary.ca
                Article
                Publisher ID: 12-0119
                DOI: 10.3201/eid.1810.120119
                PMC ID: 3471618
                PubMed ID: 23017505
                SO-VID: d179ba7e-f976-45b9-b5cd-05ef434e9ebd
                History
                Categories
                Subject: Dispatch
                Subject: Dispatch

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: coyotes,zoonoses,canada,canis latrans,cestodes,alveolar echinococcosis,parasites,alberta,echinococcus multilocularis
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: coyotes, zoonoses, canada, canis latrans, cestodes, alveolar echinococcosis, parasites, alberta, echinococcus multilocularis

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