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      Correction: Silica Vesicle Nanovaccine Formulations Stimulate Long-Term Immune Responses to the Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus E2 Protein

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          Abstract

          The images for S2, S3 and S4 Figs are incorrect. Please view the correct S2, S3 and S4 Figs here. Supporting Information S2 Fig Representative immunohistochemistry analyses to determine the induction of total IgG in the spleen sections of the vaccinated animals after three weeks and six months post the final immunisation, oE2 plus Quil A (a) and (b); FD oE2 plus Quil A (c) and (d); oE2/SV-140 (e) and (f); FD oE2/SV-140 (g) and (h); FD SV-140 (i) and (j); unimmnised (k) and (l). (PDF) Click here for additional data file. S3 Fig Histopathology studies of tissue organs from a mouse injected with nanovaccine immunisations; A) Three weeks post the final immunisation, organs fixed in formalin were harvested from two mice for each treatment group and embedded in paraffin, sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin stain. i) Heart, ii) Injection sites, iii) Kidney, iv) Liver. B) Six months post the final immunisation, organs fixed in formalin were harvested from two mice for each treatment group and embedded in paraffin, sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin stain. i) Heart, ii) Injection sites, iii) Kidney, iv) Liver. (PDF) Click here for additional data file. S4 Fig End point titer data of terminal sera bleeds. All the mice were administered 100 μL of two vaccine doses at 3 week intervals at the tail base. Group 1 (mouse 1 to 8) received 100 μg oE2 plus 10 μg Quil-A; Group 2 (mouse 1 to 8) received the FD 100 μg oE2 plus 10 μg Quil-A, Group 3 (mouse 1 to 8) received the oE2 nanovaccine (100 μg oE2 adsorbed to 500 μg SV-140), Group 4 (mouse 1 to 8) received the FD oE2 nanovaccine (100 μg oE2 adsorbed to 500 μg SV-140), Group 5 (mouse 1 to 8) received the FD 500 μg SV-140, Group 6 (mouse 1 to 8) was the unimmunised group and did not receive any vaccination. Sera of individual animals were diluted from 1:100 to 1:6400. (PDF) Click here for additional data file.

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          Silica Vesicle Nanovaccine Formulations Stimulate Long-Term Immune Responses to the Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus E2 Protein

          Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV) is one of the most serious pathogen, which causes tremendous economic loss to the cattle industry worldwide, meriting the development of improved subunit vaccines. Structural glycoprotein E2 is reported to be a major immunogenic determinant of BVDV virion. We have developed a novel hollow silica vesicles (SV) based platform to administer BVDV-1 Escherichia coli-expressed optimised E2 (oE2) antigen as a nanovaccine formulation. The SV-140 vesicles (diameter 50 nm, wall thickness 6 nm, perforated by pores of entrance size 16 nm and total pore volume of 0.934 cm3g-1) have proven to be ideal candidates to load oE2 antigen and generate immune response. The current study for the first time demonstrates the ability of freeze-dried (FD) as well as non-FD oE2/SV140 nanovaccine formulation to induce long-term balanced antibody and cell mediated memory responses for at least 6 months with a shortened dosing regimen of two doses in small animal model. The in vivo ability of oE2 (100 μg)/SV-140 (500 μg) and FD oE2 (100 μg)/SV-140 (500 μg) to induce long-term immunity was compared to immunisation with oE2 (100 μg) together with the conventional adjuvant Quil-A from the Quillaja saponira (10 μg) in mice. The oE2/SV-140 as well as the FD oE2/SV-140 nanovaccine generated oE2-specific antibody and cell mediated responses for up to six months post the final second immunisation. Significantly, the cell-mediated responses were consistently high in mice immunised with oE2/SV-140 (1,500 SFU/million cells) at the six-month time point. Histopathology studies showed no morphological changes at the site of injection or in the different organs harvested from the mice immunised with 500 μg SV-140 nanovaccine compared to the unimmunised control. The platform has the potential for developing single dose vaccines without the requirement of cold chain storage for veterinary and human applications.
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            Journal
            PLoS One
            PLoS ONE
            plos
            plosone
            PLoS ONE
            Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
            1932-6203
            5 January 2016
            2016
            : 11
            : 1
            : e0146631
            Article
            PONE-D-15-55527
            10.1371/journal.pone.0146631
            4701184
            26731128
            d361c4f4-043e-4968-bb89-2701272479df
            © 2016 Mody et al

            This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited

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