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      Changes in Aquaporin 1 Expression in Rat Urinary Bladder after Partial Bladder Outlet Obstruction: Preliminary Report

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          Abstract

          Purpose

          Aquaporins (AQPs) are membrane proteins that facilitate water movement across biological membranes. AQPs are also called water channels, and they have recently been reported to be expressed in rat and human urothelium. The purposes of this study were to investigate the effect of bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) on the rat urothelium and AQP1 expression in rat urothelium.

          Materials and Methods

          Female Sprague-Dawley rats (230-240 g each, n=20) were divided into 2 groups: the sham group (the Con group, n=10) and the partial BOO group (the BOO group, n=10). The BOO group underwent a partial BOO. The expression and cellular localization of AQP1 were determined by performing Western blotting and immunohistochemistry on the rat urinary bladder.

          Results

          AQP1 immunoreactivity in both the control and the BOO groups was localized in the capillaries, arterioles, and venules of the lamina propria of the urinary bladder. The protein expression of AQP1 was significantly increased in the BOO group.

          Conclusions

          This study showed that BOO causes a significant increase in the expression of AQP1. This may imply that AQP1 has a functional role in the detrusor instability that occurs in association with BOO.

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          Most cited references27

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          Epithelial sodium channels: function, structure, and regulation.

          H Garty, L G Palmer (1997)
          The apical (outward-facing) membranes of high-resistance epithelia contain Na+ channels, traditionally identified by their sensitivity to block by the K(+)-sparing diuretic amiloride. Such channels have been characterized in amphibian skin and urinary bladder, renal collecting duct, distal colon, sweat and salivary glands, lung, and taste buds. They mediate the first step of active Na+ reabsorption and play a major role in the maintenance of electrolyte and water homeostasis in all vertebrates. In the past, these channels were classified according to their biophysical and pharmacological properties. The recent cloning of the three homologous channel subunits denoted alpha-, beta-, and gamma-epithelial Na+ channels (ENaC) has provided a molecular definition of at least one class of amiloride-blockable channels. Subsequent studies have established that ENaC is a major Na(+)-conducting pathway in both absorbing and secretory epithelia and is related to one type of channel involved in mechanosensation. This review summarizes the biophysical characteristics, molecular properties, and regulatory mechanisms of epithelial amiloride-blockable Na+ channels. Special emphasis is given to recent studies utilizing cloned ENaC subunits and purified amiloride-binding proteins.
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            More than just water channels: unexpected cellular roles of aquaporins.

            A Verkman (2005)
            Aquaporins (AQPs) are membrane proteins that transport water and, in some cases, also small solutes such as glycerol. AQPs are expressed in many fluid-transporting tissues, such as kidney tubules and glandular epithelia, as well as in non-fluid-transporting tissues, such as epidermis, adipose tissue and astroglia. Their classical role in facilitating trans-epithelial fluid transport is well understood, as in the urinary concentrating mechanism and gland fluid secretion. AQPs are also involved in swelling of tissues under stress, as in the injured cornea and the brain in stroke, tumor and infection. Recent analysis of AQP-knockout mice has revealed unexpected cellular roles of AQPs. AQPs facilitate cell migration, as manifested by reduced tumor angiogenesis in AQP1-knockout mice, by a mechanism that might involve facilitated water transport in lamellipodia of migrating cells. AQPs that transport both glycerol and water regulate glycerol content in epidermis and fat, and consequently skin hydration/biosynthesis and fat metabolism. AQPs might also be involved in neural signal transduction, cell volume regulation and organellar physiology. The many roles of AQPs could be exploited for clinical benefit; for example, treatments that modulate AQP expression/function could be used as diuretics, and in the treatment of brain swelling, glaucoma, epilepsy, obesity and cancer.
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              Permeability properties of the intact mammalian bladder epithelium.

              Carla Berg, H Negrete, Bianca J. Lavelle … (1996)
              Because the mammalian bladder must store urine of composition which differs markedly from that of plasma for prolonged periods, the bladder permeability barrier must maintain extremely low permeabilities to substances which normally cross membranes relatively rapidly, such as water, protons, and small nonelectrolytes like urea and ammonia. In the present studies, permeabilities of the apical membrane of dissected rabbit bladder epithelium to water, urea, ammonia, and protons were measured in Ussing chambers and averaged (in cm/s) for water, 5.15 +/- 0.43 x 10(-5); for urea, 4.51 +/- 0.67 x 10(-6); for ammonia, 5.14 +/- 0.62 x 10(-4); and for protons, 2.98 +/- 1.87 x 10(-3), respectively. These permeability values are exceptionally low and are expected to result in minimal to no leakage of these normally permeable substances across the epithelium. Water permeabilities in intact whole rabbit bladders were indistinguishable from those obtained in the dissected epithelial preparation. Moreover, addition of nystatin to the apical solution of dissected epithelia rapidly increased water permeability in conjunction with loss of epithelial resistance. These results confirm that the apical membrane of the bladder epithelial cells represents the bladder permeability barrier. In addition, they establish a model system that will permit examination of how membrane structure reduces permeability and how epithelial injury compromises barrier function.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Korean J Urol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): KJU
                Title: Korean Journal of Urology
                Publisher: The Korean Urological Association
                ISSN (Print): 2005-6737
                ISSN (Electronic): 2005-6745
                Publication date (Print): April 2010
                Publication date (Electronic): 20 April 2010
                Volume: 51
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 281-286
                Affiliations
                Department of Urology, Sexual Medical Research Center, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea.
                [1 ]Department of Anatomy, Sexual Medical Research Center, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea.
                Author notes
                Corresponding Author: Kwangsung Park. Department of Urology, Chonnam National University Hospital and Medical School, 8, Hak-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju 501-757, Korea. TEL: +82-62-220-6701, FAX: +82-62-227-1643, uropark@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                DOI: 10.4111/kju.2010.51.4.281
                PMC ID: 2858853
                PubMed ID: 20428433
                SO-VID: d380ae7d-3616-4a63-9250-745d2f6910eb
                Copyright © Copyright © The Korean Urological Association, 2010
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 29 January 2010
                Date accepted : 06 April 2010
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article
                Subject: Investigative Urology

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Urology
                Keywords: urinary bladder,rats,urethral obstruction,aquaporins
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Urology
                Keywords: urinary bladder, rats, urethral obstruction, aquaporins

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