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      Prognostic Value of MACC1 in Digestive System Neoplasms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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          Abstract

          Metastasis associated in colon cancer 1 (MACC1), a newly identified oncogene, has been associated with poor survival of cancer patients by multiple studies. However, the prognostic value of MACC1 in digestive system neoplasms needs systematic evidence to verify. Therefore, we aimed to provide further evidence on this topic by systematic review and meta-analysis. Literature search was conducted in multiple databases and eligible studies analyzing survival data and MACC1 expression were included for meta-analysis. Hazard ratio (HR) for clinical outcome was chosen as an effect measure of interest. According to our inclusion criteria, 18 studies with a total of 2,948 patients were identified. Pooled HRs indicated that high MACC1 expression significantly correlates with poorer OS in patients with digestive system neoplasms (HR = 1.94; 95% CI: 1.49–2.53) as well as poorer relapse-free survival (HR = 1.94, 95% CI: 1.33–2.82). The results of subgroup studies categorized by methodology, anatomic structure, and cancer subtype for pooled OS were all consistent with the overall pooled HR for OS as well. No publication bias was detected according to test of funnel plot asymmetry and Egger's test. In conclusion, high MACC1 expression may serve as a prognostic biomarker to guide individualized management in clinical practice for digestive system neoplasms.

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          MACC1, a newly identified key regulator of HGF-MET signaling, predicts colon cancer metastasis.

          Ulrike Stein, Wolfgang Walther, Franziska Arlt … (2009)
          We identified a previously undescribed gene associated with colon cancer by genome-wide expression analysis in primary and metastatic carcinomas: metastasis-associated in colon cancer-1, MACC1. MACC1 expression in tumor specimens is an independent prognostic indicator of metastasis formation and metastasis-free survival. We show that the gene encoding the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor, MET, is a transcriptional target of MACC1. MACC1 promotes proliferation, invasion and HGF-induced scattering of colon cancer cells in cell culture and tumor growth and metastasis in mouse models. These phenotypes are lost in cells expressing MACC1 mutants lacking the SH3 domain or the proline-rich motif. For clinical practice, MACC1 will be useful for the identification of poor prognosis subjects with colorectal cancer and is a promising new target for intervention in metastasis formation.
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            Metastasis-associated in colon cancer-1 upregulation predicts a poor prognosis of gastric cancer, and promotes tumor cell proliferation and invasion.

            Dayong Zheng, P. Liu, Li-Sun Shih … (2013)
            Metastasis-associated in colon cancer-1 (MACC1) is a newly identified oncogene, and little is known about its role in gastric cancer (GC). Our study was performed to investigate whether MACC1 influences the prognosis of GC patients and to explore the potential mechanisms involved. MACC1 expression was verified to be higher in GC tissues than in adjacent nontumorous tissues by Western blotting. A retrospective analysis of 361 GC patients (Stages I-IV) revealed that higher MACC1 expression was associated with more advanced disease, more frequent postoperative recurrence, more metastases and a higher mortality rate. The disease-free survival of Stage I-III patients and overall survival of Stage-IV patients were significantly worse when their tumors showed high MACC1 expression. To investigate the underlying mechanisms, MACC1 overexpression and downregulation were established in two GC cell lines (BGC-823 and MKN-28 cells). MACC1 overexpression significantly accelerated tumor growth and facilitated metastasis in athymic mice. MACC1 also promoted the proliferation, migration and invasion of both GC cell lines. Moreover, gastric MACC1 mRNA expression levels were significantly correlated with markers of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in patients with GC. MACC1 overexpression upregulated mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor and induced changes to markers of EMT, whereas silencing of MACC1 reversed all these changes. These findings provide some novel insights into the role of MACC1, a gene that contributes to a poor prognosis of GC by promoting tumor cell proliferation and invasion as well as the EMT. Copyright © 2013 UICC.
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              Genetic and expression analysis of MET, MACC1, and HGF in metastatic colorectal cancer: response to met inhibition in patient xenografts and pathologic correlations.

              Andrea Muratore, Davide Corà, Claudio Isella … (2011)
              We determined the gene copy numbers for MET, for its transcriptional activator MACC1 and for its ligand hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in liver metastases from colorectal carcinoma (mCRC). We correlated copy numbers with mRNA levels and explored whether gain and/or overexpression of MET and MACC1 predict response to anti-Met therapies. Finally, we assessed whether their genomic or transcriptional deregulation correlates with pathologic and molecular parameters of aggressive disease. One hundred three mCRCs were analyzed. Copy numbers and mRNA were determined by quantitative PCR (qPCR). Thirty nine samples were implanted and expanded in NOD (nonobese diabetic)/SCID (severe combined immunodeficient) mice to generate cohorts that were treated with the Met inhibitor JNJ-38877605. In silico analysis of MACC1 targets relied on genome-wide mapping of promoter regions and on expression data from two CRC datasets. No focal, high-grade amplifications of MET, MACC1, or HGF were detected. Chromosome 7 polysomy and gain of the p-arm were observed in 21% and 8% of cases, respectively, and significantly correlated with higher expression of both Met and MACC1. Met inhibition in patient-derived xenografts did not modify tumor growth. Copy number gain and overexpression of MACC1 correlated with unfavorable pathologic features better than overexpression of Met. Bioinformatic analysis of putative MACC1 targets identified elements besides Met, whose overexpression cosegregated with aggressive forms of colorectal cancer. Experiments in patient-derived xenografts suggest that mCRCs do not rely on Met genomic gain and/or overexpression for growth. On the basis of pathologic correlations and bioinformatic analysis, MACC1 could contribute to CRC progression through mechanisms other than or additional to Met transcriptional upregulation. ©2011 AACR.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Biomed Res Int
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Biomed Res Int
                Journal ID (publisher-id): BMRI
                Title: BioMed Research International
                Publisher: Hindawi Publishing Corporation
                ISSN (Print): 2314-6133
                ISSN (Electronic): 2314-6141
                Publication date (Print): 2015
                Publication date (Electronic): 19 May 2015
                Volume: 2015
                Electronic Location Identifier: 252043
                Affiliations
                1Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
                2Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Enrico Compalati

                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2015/252043
                PMC ID: 4452247
                PubMed ID: 26090393
                SO-VID: d4308e99-b81f-43a9-98fc-69d3103571bf
                Copyright © Copyright © 2015 Zhenzhen Wu et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 7 March 2015
                Date revision received : 28 April 2015
                Date accepted : 28 April 2015
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

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