We report the results of deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the globus pallidus internus (GPi) in 12 patients with childhood-onset generalized dystonia refractory to medication, including 3 patients with status dystonicus. There were 8 patients who had DYT1-negative primary dystonia, 1 had DYT1-positive dystonia, and 3 had symptomatic dystonia. Stimulation was effective in all but 1 patient. Dystonic postures and movements of the axis and limbs responded to DBS to a greater extent than oromandibular dystonia and fixed dystonic postures. These findings provide further evidence that pallidal stimulation is an effective treatment for intractable childhood-onset dystonia, including status dystonicus, and together with previous findings, suggest that it should be considered the treatment of choice for these conditions. (c) 2005 Movement Disorder Society.