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Pathogenicity and transmissibility of 2019-nCoV—A quick overview and comparison with other emerging viruses
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      Estatinas, una alternativa en el tratamiento de la COVID-19 Translated title: Statins, an Alternative in the Treatment of COVID-19

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          Abstract

          Resumen Las estatinas son ampliamente utilizadas para el control de los niveles de colesterol en pacientes con hipercolesterolemia, lo cual permite prevenir enfermedades cardiovasculares. Además de controlar la síntesis endógena de colesterol, las estatinas tienen efectos pleiotrópicos diversos, como son las propiedades antiinflamatoria, antioxidante y de inmunomodulación. La enfermedad causada por el virus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) provoca una tormenta de citocinas que contribuye a la generación del síndrome respiratorio agudo, que puede llevar a cuadros graves de esta enfermedad e incluso a la muerte del paciente. Diversos estudios realizados en enfermos con COVID-19 que recibieron estatinas, antes o durante el curso de la enfermedad, registraron cuadros menos graves, estancias hospitalarias más cortas y menor mortalidad. El beneficio de las estatinas en la COVID-19 debe ser explorado más ampliamente, ya que potencialmente pueden contribuir al control de esta pandemia que ha postrado a la humanidad.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Statins are widely used to control cholesterol levels in patients with hypercholesterolemia, which helps prevent cardiovascular diseases. In addition to controlling endogenous cholesterol synthesis, statins have diverse pleiotropic effects, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties. The disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus (COVID-19) causes a cytokine storm that contributes to the generation of acute respiratory syndrome, which can lead to severe symptoms of this disease and even the death of the patient. Various studies carried out on patients with COVID-19 who received statins, before or during the disease, registered less severe symptoms, shorter hospital stays and lower mortality. The benefit of statins in COVID-19 should be explored more widely, as they can potentially contribute to the control of this pandemic that has devastated humanity.

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          The SARS, MERS and novel coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemics, the newest and biggest global health threats: what lessons have we learned?

          Noah Peeri, Nistha Shrestha, Md Siddikur Rahman … (2020)
          Abstract Objectives To provide an overview of the three major deadly coronaviruses and identify areas for improvement of future preparedness plans, as well as provide a critical assessment of the risk factors and actionable items for stopping their spread, utilizing lessons learned from the first two deadly coronavirus outbreaks, as well as initial reports from the current novel coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemic in Wuhan, China. Methods Utilizing the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, USA) website, and a comprehensive review of PubMed literature, we obtained information regarding clinical signs and symptoms, treatment and diagnosis, transmission methods, protection methods and risk factors for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and COVID-19. Comparisons between the viruses were made. Results Inadequate risk assessment regarding the urgency of the situation, and limited reporting on the virus within China has, in part, led to the rapid spread of COVID-19 throughout mainland China and into proximal and distant countries. Compared with SARS and MERS, COVID-19 has spread more rapidly, due in part to increased globalization and the focus of the epidemic. Wuhan, China is a large hub connecting the North, South, East and West of China via railways and a major international airport. The availability of connecting flights, the timing of the outbreak during the Chinese (Lunar) New Year, and the massive rail transit hub located in Wuhan has enabled the virus to perforate throughout China, and eventually, globally. Conclusions We conclude that we did not learn from the two prior epidemics of coronavirus and were ill-prepared to deal with the challenges the COVID-19 epidemic has posed. Future research should attempt to address the uses and implications of internet of things (IoT) technologies for mapping the spread of infection.
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            Coronavirus Disease 2019: Coronaviruses and Blood Safety

            Le Chang, Ying Yan, Lunan Wang (2020)
            With the outbreak of unknown pneumonia in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, a new coronavirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), aroused the attention of the entire world. The current outbreak of infections with SARS-CoV-2 is termed Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The World Health Organization declared COVID-19 in China as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. Two other coronavirus infections—SARS in 2002-2003 and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) in 2012—both caused severe respiratory syndrome in humans. All 3 of these emerging infectious diseases leading to a global spread are caused by β-coronaviruses. Although coronaviruses usually infect the upper or lower respiratory tract, viral shedding in plasma or serum is common. Therefore, there is still a theoretical risk of transmission of coronaviruses through the transfusion of labile blood products. Because more and more asymptomatic infections are being found among COVID-19 cases, considerations of blood safety and coronaviruses have arisen especially in endemic areas. In this review, we detail current evidence and understanding of the transmission of SARS-CoV, MERS–CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 through blood products as of February 10, 2020, and also discuss pathogen inactivation methods on coronaviruses.
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              Relation of Statin Use Prior to Admission to Severity and Recovery Among COVID-19 Inpatients

              Lori B Daniels, Amy M Sitapati, Jing Zhang … (2020)
              The impact of statins, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity and recovery is important given their high prevalence of use among individuals at risk for severe COVID-19. We studied the association between use of statin/angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/ARB in the month before hospital admission, with risk of severe outcome, and with time to severe outcome or disease recovery, among patients hospitalized for COVID-19. We performed a retrospective single-center study of all patients hospitalized at University of California San Diego Health between February 10, 2020 and June 17, 2020 (n = 170 hospitalized for COVID-19, n = 5,281 COVID-negative controls). Logistic regression and competing risks analyses were used to investigate progression to severe disease (death or intensive care unit admission), and time to discharge without severe disease. Severe disease occurred in 53% of COVID-positive inpatients. Median time from hospitalization to severe disease was 2 days; median time to recovery was 7 days. Statin use prior to admission was associated with reduced risk of severe COVID-19 (adjusted OR 0.29, 95%CI 0.11 to 0.71, p < 0.01) and faster time to recovery among those without severe disease (adjusted HR for recovery 2.69, 95%CI 1.36 to 5.33, p < 0.01). The association between statin use and severe disease was smaller in the COVID-negative cohort (p for interaction = 0.07). There was potential evidence of faster time to recovery with ARB use (adjusted HR 1.92, 95%CI 0.81 to 4.56). In conclusion, statin use during the 30 days prior to admission for COVID-19 was associated with a lower risk of developing severe COVID-19, and a faster time to recovery among patients without severe disease.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): facmed
                Title: Revista de la Facultad de Medicina (México)
                Abbreviated Title: Rev. Fac. Med. (Méx.)
                Publisher: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Medicina (Ciudad de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico )
                ISSN (Print): 0026-1742
                ISSN (Electronic): 2448-4865
                Publication date (Print and electronic): December 2023
                Volume: 66
                Issue: 6
                Pages: 7-16
                Affiliations
                [3] Ciudad de México orgnameUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina Mexico
                [2] Ciudad de México orgnameUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina Mexico
                [1] Ciudad de México orgnameUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina Mexico
                Article
                Publisher ID: S0026-17422023000600007 Publisher ID: S0026-1742(23)06600600007
                DOI: 10.22201/fm.24484865e.2023.66.6.02
                SO-VID: d758d5ce-130b-4757-81f8-7cb13a5b187d
                License:

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                Date accepted : 20 June 2023
                Date received : 26 January 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 31, Pages: 10
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Subject: Artículos de revisión

                Keywords: Statins,inflammatory mediators,atorvastatin,atorvastatina,COVID-19,Estatinas,mediadores inflamatorios
                Data availability:
                Keywords: Statins, inflammatory mediators, atorvastatin, atorvastatina, COVID-19, Estatinas, mediadores inflamatorios

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