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      Validation of the Polar V800 heart rate monitor and comparison of artifact correction methods among adults with hypertension

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          Abstract

          Heart rate variability (HRV) measurements via ambulatory monitors have become common. We examined the validity of recording R-R intervals using the Polar V800 compared to 12-lead electrocardiograms (ECG) among middle-aged (44.7±10.1years); overweight to obese (29.8±4.3 kg.m -2) adults (n = 25) with hypertension (132.3±12.2/ 84.3±10.2 mmHg). After resting for 5-min in the supine position, R-R intervals were simultaneously recorded using the Polar V800 and the 12-lead ECG. Artifacts present in uncorrected (UN) R-R intervals were corrected with the Kubios HRV Premium (ver. 3.2.) automatic (AC) and threshold-based (TBC) correction, and manual correction (MC) methods. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC), Bland-Altman limits of agreement (LoA), and effect sizes (ES) were calculated. We detected 71 errors with the Polar V800 for an error rate of 0.85%. The bias (LoAs), ES, and ICC between UN and ECG R-R intervals were 0.69ms (-215.80 to +214.42ms), 0.004, and 0.79, respectively. Correction of artifacts improved the agreeability between the Polar V800 and ECG HRV measures. The biases (LoAs) between the AC, TBC, and MC and ECG R-R intervals were 3.79ms (-130.32 to +137.90ms), 1.16ms (-92.67 to +94.98ms), and 0.37ms (-41.20 to +41.94ms), respectively. The ESs of AC, TBC, and MC were 0.024, 0.008, and 0.002, and ICCs were 0.91, 0.95, and 1.00, respectively. R-R intervals measured using the Polar V800 compared to 12-lead ECG were comparable in adults with hypertension, especially after the artifacts corrected by MC. However, TBC correction also yielded acceptable results.

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          Most cited references27

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          An Overview of Heart Rate Variability Metrics and Norms

          Healthy biological systems exhibit complex patterns of variability that can be described by mathematical chaos. Heart rate variability (HRV) consists of changes in the time intervals between consecutive heartbeats called interbeat intervals (IBIs). A healthy heart is not a metronome. The oscillations of a healthy heart are complex and constantly changing, which allow the cardiovascular system to rapidly adjust to sudden physical and psychological challenges to homeostasis. This article briefly reviews current perspectives on the mechanisms that generate 24 h, short-term (~5 min), and ultra-short-term (<5 min) HRV, the importance of HRV, and its implications for health and performance. The authors provide an overview of widely-used HRV time-domain, frequency-domain, and non-linear metrics. Time-domain indices quantify the amount of HRV observed during monitoring periods that may range from ~2 min to 24 h. Frequency-domain values calculate the absolute or relative amount of signal energy within component bands. Non-linear measurements quantify the unpredictability and complexity of a series of IBIs. The authors survey published normative values for clinical, healthy, and optimal performance populations. They stress the importance of measurement context, including recording period length, subject age, and sex, on baseline HRV values. They caution that 24 h, short-term, and ultra-short-term normative values are not interchangeable. They encourage professionals to supplement published norms with findings from their own specialized populations. Finally, the authors provide an overview of HRV assessment strategies for clinical and optimal performance interventions.
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            2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults

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              Statistical methods for assessing measurement error (reliability) in variables relevant to sports medicine.

              Minimal measurement error (reliability) during the collection of interval- and ratio-type data is critically important to sports medicine research. The main components of measurement error are systematic bias (e.g. general learning or fatigue effects on the tests) and random error due to biological or mechanical variation. Both error components should be meaningfully quantified for the sports physician to relate the described error to judgements regarding 'analytical goals' (the requirements of the measurement tool for effective practical use) rather than the statistical significance of any reliability indicators. Methods based on correlation coefficients and regression provide an indication of 'relative reliability'. Since these methods are highly influenced by the range of measured values, researchers should be cautious in: (i) concluding acceptable relative reliability even if a correlation is above 0.9; (ii) extrapolating the results of a test-retest correlation to a new sample of individuals involved in an experiment; and (iii) comparing test-retest correlations between different reliability studies. Methods used to describe 'absolute reliability' include the standard error of measurements (SEM), coefficient of variation (CV) and limits of agreement (LOA). These statistics are more appropriate for comparing reliability between different measurement tools in different studies. They can be used in multiple retest studies from ANOVA procedures, help predict the magnitude of a 'real' change in individual athletes and be employed to estimate statistical power for a repeated-measures experiment. These methods vary considerably in the way they are calculated and their use also assumes the presence (CV) or absence (SEM) of heteroscedasticity. Most methods of calculating SEM and CV represent approximately 68% of the error that is actually present in the repeated measurements for the 'average' individual in the sample. LOA represent the test-retest differences for 95% of a population. The associated Bland-Altman plot shows the measurement error schematically and helps to identify the presence of heteroscedasticity. If there is evidence of heteroscedasticity or non-normality, one should logarithmically transform the data and quote the bias and random error as ratios. This allows simple comparisons of reliability across different measurement tools. It is recommended that sports clinicians and researchers should cite and interpret a number of statistical methods for assessing reliability. We encourage the inclusion of the LOA method, especially the exploration of heteroscedasticity that is inherent in this analysis. We also stress the importance of relating the results of any reliability statistic to 'analytical goals' in sports medicine.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: SoftwareRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: MethodologyRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: InvestigationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                8 October 2020
                2020
                : 15
                : 10
                : e0240220
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
                [2 ] Department of Exercise Science, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
                [3 ] Health and Social Care Research Centre, University of Derby, Derby, United Kingdom
                [4 ] Department of Preventive Cardiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut, United States of America
                [5 ] College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
                [6 ] Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
                Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, BRAZIL
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                ‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5011-2911
                Article
                PONE-D-20-14879
                10.1371/journal.pone.0240220
                7544136
                33031480
                d7c90a7e-0ed2-41f6-9646-296141f0f2d4
                © 2020 Cilhoroz et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 18 May 2020
                : 22 September 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 6, Pages: 15
                Funding
                Funded by: University of Connecticut Institute for Collaboration on Health, Intervention, and Policy (InCHIP
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000199, U.S. Department of Agriculture;
                Award ID: CONS00954
                Award Recipient :
                This study was supported by funding from the University of Connecticut Institute for Collaboration on Health, Intervention, and Policy (InCHIP) and the United States Department of Agriculture (SAES,HATCH Project No. CONS00954). Both funding were awarded to LSP. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Bioassays and Physiological Analysis
                Electrophysiological Techniques
                Cardiac Electrophysiology
                Electrocardiography
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Vascular Medicine
                Blood Pressure
                Hypertension
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Physiological Parameters
                Body Weight
                Obesity
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Physiological Parameters
                Body Weight
                Overweight
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Cardiology
                Heart Rate
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Cardiology
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Physiological Parameters
                Body Weight
                Body Mass Index
                Computer and Information Sciences
                Software Engineering
                Software Tools
                Engineering and Technology
                Software Engineering
                Software Tools
                Custom metadata
                All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

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