Pharmacological Modulation of the Bradykinin-Induced Differentiation of Human Lung Fibroblasts: Effects of Budesonide and Formoterol

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Abstract

Bradykinin (BK) induces differentiation of lung fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, which play an important role in extracellular matrix remodeling in the airways of asthmatic patients. It is unclear whether this process is affected by antiasthma therapies. Here, we evaluated whether a glucocorticoid, budesonide (BUD), and a long-acting β2-agonist, formoterol (FM), either alone or in combination, modified BK-induced lung fibroblast differentiation, and affected the BK-activated intracellular signaling pathways.

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Molecular mechanisms of beta(2)-adrenergic receptor function, response, and regulation.

Malcolm Johnson (2005)

The human beta(2)-adrenoceptor is a member of the 7-transmembrane family of receptors, encoded by a gene on chromosome 5, and widely distributed in the respiratory tract. Intracellular signaling after beta(2)-adrenoceptor activation is largely affected through cyclic adenosine monophosphate and protein kinase A. Differences in the mechanism of interaction of short- and long-acting beta(2)-agonists and the beta(2)-receptor are reflected in the kinetics of airway smooth muscle relaxation and the onset and duration of bronchodilation in asthmatic patients. beta-Adrenoceptor desensitization associated with prolonged beta(2)-agonist activation differs depending on the cell type and is reflected in different profiles of clinical tolerance to chronic beta(2)-agonist therapy. A number of genetic polymorphisms of the beta(2)-receptor have been described that appear to alter the behavior of the receptor, including the response to beta(2)-agonists. The synergy between the beta(2)-receptor and the glucocorticoid receptor functions has implications for the combined use of beta(2)-agonists and corticosteroids in the treatment of respiratory disease.

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Pathways for bradykinin formation and inflammatory disease.

Michael Silverberg, Kusumam Joseph, Celia Kaplan (2002)

Bradykinin is formed by the interaction of factor XII, prekallikrein, and high-molecular-weight kininogen on negatively charged inorganic surfaces (silicates, urate, and pyrophosphate) or macromolecular organic surfaces (heparin, other mucopolysaccharides, and sulfatides) or on assembly along the surface of cells. Catalysis along the cell surface requires zinc-dependent binding of factor XII and high-molecular-weight kininogen to proteins, such as the receptor for the globular heads of the C1q subcomponent of complement, cytokeratin 1, and urokinase plasminogen activator receptor. These 3 proteins complex together within the cell membrane, and initiation depends on autoactivation of factor XII on binding to gC1qR (the receptor for the globular heads of the C1q subcomponent of complement). There is also a factor XII-independent bypass mechanism requiring a cell-derived cofactor or protease that activates prekallikrein. Bradykinin is degraded by carboxypeptidase N and angiotensin-converting enzyme. Angioedema that is bradykinin dependent results from hereditary or acquired C1 inhibitor deficiencies or use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors to treat hypertension, heart failure, diabetes, or scleroderma. The role for bradykinin in allergic rhinitis, asthma, and anaphylaxis is to contribute to tissue hyperresponsiveness, local inflammation, and hypotension. Activation of the plasma cascade occurs as a result of heparin release and endothelial-cell activation and as a secondary event caused by other pathways of inflammation.

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Is Open Access

A new look at the pathogenesis of asthma

Stephen T. Holgate, Hasan S Arshad, Graham C Roberts … (2009)

Asthma is an inflammatory disorder of the conducting airways that has strong association with allergic sensitization. The disease is characterized by a polarized Th-2 (T-helper-2)-type T-cell response, but in general targeting this component of the disease with selective therapies has been disappointing and most therapy still relies on bronchodilators and corticosteroids rather than treating underlying disease mechanisms. With the disappointing outcomes of targeting individual Th-2 cytokines or manipulating T-cells, the time has come to re-evaluate the direction of research in this disease. A case is made that asthma has its origins in the airways themselves involving defective structural and functional behaviour of the epithelium in relation to environmental insults. Specifically, a defect in barrier function and an impaired innate immune response to viral infection may provide the substrate upon which allergic sensitization takes place. Once sensitized, the repeated allergen exposure will lead to disease persistence. These mechanisms could also be used to explain airway wall remodelling and the susceptibility of the asthmatic lung to exacerbations provoked by respiratory viruses, air pollution episodes and exposure to biologically active allergens. Variable activation of this epithelial–mesenchymal trophic unit could also lead to the emergence of different asthma phenotypes and a more targeted approach to the treatment of these. It also raises the possibility of developing treatments that increase the lung's resistance to the inhaled environment rather than concentrating all efforts on trying to suppress inflammation once it has become established.

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Journal

Title: Journal of Asthma

Abbreviated Title: Journal of Asthma

Publisher: Informa UK Limited

ISSN (Print): 0277-0903

ISSN (Electronic): 1532-4303

Publication date Created: November 19 2012

Publication date Created: December 2012

Publication date (Electronic): October 22 2012

Publication date (Print): December 2012

Volume: 49

Issue: 10

Pages: 1004-1011

Article

DOI: 10.3109/02770903.2012.729633

PubMed ID: 23088211

SO-VID: d8202468-3e1a-4181-8600-d274fd4811a9

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Pharmacological Modulation of the Bradykinin-Induced Differentiation of Human Lung Fibroblasts: Effects of Budesonide and Formoterol

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Most cited references 28

Molecular mechanisms of beta(2)-adrenergic receptor function, response, and regulation.

Pathways for bradykinin formation and inflammatory disease.

A new look at the pathogenesis of asthma

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