Covalent triazine frameworks: synthesis and applications

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Abstract

Covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) represent an exciting new type of porous organic material (POP), which have some unique characteristics, i.e., aromatic CN linkage (triazine unit) and the absence of any weak bonds. In particular, the strong aromatic covalent bonds endow CTFs with high chemical stability and rich nitrogen content, which bring great value for many practical applications and the interesting heteroatom effect (HAE). The unique properties make CTFs attractive for various applications, such as separation and storage of gases, energy storage, photocatalysis and heterogeneous catalysis. Based on the current status of research, CTFs can be classified into two categories, i.e., amorphous and crystalline CTFs. Since 2008, a series of synthetic strategies have been developed, i.e., an ionothermal trimerization strategy, a phosphorus pentoxide (P ₂O ₅) catalyzed method, amidine based polycondensation methods, a superacid catalyzed method and a Friedel–Crafts reaction method. The advent of these methodologies has prompted researchers to construct well-defined crystalline CTFs. This critical review systematically summarizes the development and challenges in the synthesis and potential applications of CTFs.

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A metal-free polymeric photocatalyst for hydrogen production from water under visible light.

Xinchen Wang, Kazuhiko Maeda, Arne Thomas … (2009)

The production of hydrogen from water using a catalyst and solar energy is an ideal future energy source, independent of fossil reserves. For an economical use of water and solar energy, catalysts that are sufficiently efficient, stable, inexpensive and capable of harvesting light are required. Here, we show that an abundant material, polymeric carbon nitride, can produce hydrogen from water under visible-light irradiation in the presence of a sacrificial donor. Contrary to other conducting polymer semiconductors, carbon nitride is chemically and thermally stable and does not rely on complicated device manufacturing. The results represent an important first step towards photosynthesis in general where artificial conjugated polymer semiconductors can be used as energy transducers.

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Porous, crystalline, covalent organic frameworks.

Adrien P Côté, Annabelle I Benin, Nathan W Ockwig … (2005)

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have been designed and successfully synthesized by condensation reactions of phenyl diboronic acid {C6H4[B(OH)2]2} and hexahydroxytriphenylene [C18H6(OH)6]. Powder x-ray diffraction studies of the highly crystalline products (C3H2BO)6.(C9H12)1 (COF-1) and C9H4BO2 (COF-5) revealed expanded porous graphitic layers that are either staggered (COF-1, P6(3)/mmc) or eclipsed (COF-5, P6/mmm). Their crystal structures are entirely held by strong bonds between B, C, and O atoms to form rigid porous architectures with pore sizes ranging from 7 to 27 angstroms. COF-1 and COF-5 exhibit high thermal stability (to temperatures up to 500 degrees to 600 degrees C), permanent porosity, and high surface areas (711 and 1590 square meters per gram, respectively).