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      Harvesting Energy from Changes in Relative Humidity Using Nanoscale Water Capillary Bridges

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          Abstract

          We show that nanoscale water capillary bridges (WCB) formed between patchy surfaces can extract energy from the environment when subjected to changes in relative humidity (RH). Our results are based on molecular dynamics simulations combined with a modified version of the Laplace–Kelvin equation, which is validated using the nanoscale WCB. The calculated energy density harvested by the nanoscale WCB is relevant, ≈1700 kJ/m 3, and is comparable to the energy densities harvested using available water-responsive materials that expand and contract due to changes in RH.

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          Fast Parallel Algorithms for Short-Range Molecular Dynamics

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            Bio-inspired polymer composite actuator and generator driven by water gradients.

            Here we describe the development of a water-responsive polymer film. Combining both a rigid matrix (polypyrrole) and a dynamic network (polyol-borate), strong and flexible polymer films were developed that can exchange water with the environment to induce film expansion and contraction, resulting in rapid and continuous locomotion. The film actuator can generate contractile stress up to 27 megapascals, lift objects 380 times heavier than itself, and transport cargo 10 times heavier than itself. We have assembled a generator by associating this actuator with a piezoelectric element. Driven by water gradients, this generator outputs alternating electricity at ~0.3 hertz, with a peak voltage of ~1.0 volt. The electrical energy is stored in capacitors that could power micro- and nanoelectronic devices.
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              Wettability control on multiphase flow in patterned microfluidics.

              Multiphase flow in porous media is important in many natural and industrial processes, including geologic CO2 sequestration, enhanced oil recovery, and water infiltration into soil. Although it is well known that the wetting properties of porous media can vary drastically depending on the type of media and pore fluids, the effect of wettability on multiphase flow continues to challenge our microscopic and macroscopic descriptions. Here, we study the impact of wettability on viscously unfavorable fluid-fluid displacement in disordered media by means of high-resolution imaging in microfluidic flow cells patterned with vertical posts. By systematically varying the wettability of the flow cell over a wide range of contact angles, we find that increasing the substrate's affinity to the invading fluid results in more efficient displacement of the defending fluid up to a critical wetting transition, beyond which the trend is reversed. We identify the pore-scale mechanisms-cooperative pore filling (increasing displacement efficiency) and corner flow (decreasing displacement efficiency)-responsible for this macroscale behavior, and show that they rely on the inherent 3D nature of interfacial flows, even in quasi-2D media. Our results demonstrate the powerful control of wettability on multiphase flow in porous media, and show that the markedly different invasion protocols that emerge-from pore filling to postbridging-are determined by physical mechanisms that are missing from current pore-scale and continuum-scale descriptions.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Langmuir
                Langmuir
                la
                langd5
                Langmuir
                American Chemical Society
                0743-7463
                1520-5827
                14 September 2023
                26 September 2023
                14 September 2024
                : 39
                : 38
                : 13449-13458
                Affiliations
                []International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
                []Department of Physics, Yeshiva University , 500 West 185th Street, New York, New York 10033, United States
                [§ ]Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter , Beijing, 100190, China
                []Interdisciplinary Institute of Light-Element Quantum Materials and Research Center for Light-Element Advanced Materials, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
                []Department of Physics, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York , Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
                [# ]Ph.D. Programs in Chemistry and Physics, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York , New York, New York 10016, United States
                Author notes
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5958-8521
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1149-0693
                Article
                10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01051
                10538287
                37708252
                da42456f-6e13-4722-8762-747061957337
                © 2023 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society

                Permits non-commercial access and re-use, provided that author attribution and integrity are maintained; but does not permit creation of adaptations or other derivative works ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 19 April 2023
                : 16 August 2023
                Funding
                Funded by: Office of Advanced Cyberinfrastructure, doi 10.13039/100000105;
                Award ID: HRD-1547380
                Funded by: National Key Research and Development Program of China, doi 10.13039/501100012166;
                Award ID: 2021YFA1400501
                Funded by: National Natural Science Foundation of China, doi 10.13039/501100001809;
                Award ID: 12204039
                Funded by: National Natural Science Foundation of China, doi 10.13039/501100001809;
                Award ID: 11935002
                Funded by: Division of Chemistry, doi 10.13039/100000165;
                Award ID: 2223461
                Funded by: Division of Chemistry, doi 10.13039/100000165;
                Award ID: 1856704
                Categories
                Article
                Custom metadata
                la3c01051
                la3c01051

                Physical chemistry
                Physical chemistry

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