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      Current and Perspective Approaches to the Treatment of Prolactinomas Translated title: Šiuolaikinis požiūris į konservatyvᶙ prolaktinomᶙ gydymą: problemos ir iššūkiai

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          Abstract

          Background

          Along with the presence of the 2011 Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guidelines and numerous large-scale studies on the treatment of hyperprolactinemia of different origin, there are some unresolved questions, ambiguous and sometimes contradictory points of view regarding the management of patients with prolactinomas. This overview is devoted to the analysis of the results of modern clinical studies and the approaches towards the management of hyperprolactinemia caused by prolactinoma.

          Materials and methods

          A systematic research of the literature for the appropriate keywords published mainly for the last 10 years was done; also, a reference list of each selected article was analysed. We included to our review the articles reporting controversial issues or new data on the treatment of hyperprolactinemia.

          Results

          The review describes various problems arising during the treatment of prolactinoma. The presence of primary and secondary dopamine agonist resistance in each case requires an individual approach, and sometimes may include the use of the antineoplastic agent t emozolomide. The side effects of dopamine agonists are discussed, with quite rare ones, including valvulopathy, pathological psychological conditions and cerebrospinal rhinorrhea. The controversial issue of the duration and doses of the drug used to achieve a lasting effect in the treatment of prolactinomas is considered. There are some points connected with the frequency of relapses. Thus, recurrence is correlated to the duration of treatment with dopamine agonists, prolactin levels at diagnosis, and the initial tumor size. Metformin, somatostatin analogues, selective estrogen receptor modulators, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, inhibitors of the mammalian target of rapamycin, epidermal growth factor receptor antagonists are investigated nowadays as potential alternative methods of drug treatment of prolactinomas.

          Conclusion

          Drug therapy with dopamine agonists makes it possible to achieve the desired results in the vast majority of patients. However, despite the proven safety of this group of medicines, the risk of side effects should still be taken into account. The therapy regimen should be determined by the clinical course of prolactinoma and the patient’s response to treatment. Other options of treatment should be considered in patients intolerant to medical therapy, with contraindication or resistance to dopamine agonists, in the case of a malignant tumor. The presence of refractory to any of the applied methods of treatment and aggressive prolactinomas leads to the search for new drugs.

          Translated abstract

          Nepaisant to, kad turimos 2011 metᶙ Endokrinologijos asociacijos klinikinės praktikos gairės ( Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guidelines) ir atlikta daugybė išsamiᶙ tyrimᶙ, kaip gydyti įvairios kilmės hiperprolaktinemiją, vis dar lieka neatsakytᶙ klausimᶙ ir kartais nesuderinamᶙ požiūriᶙ, kaip gydyti pacientus, kenčiančius nuo prolaktinomᶙ. Ši apžvalga skiriama šiuolaikiniᶙ klinikiniᶙ tyrimᶙ rezultatams apibendrinti. Taip pat siekiama apžvelgti požiūrius, kaip gydyti prolaktinomos sukeltą hiperprolaktinemiją.

          Medžiagos ir metodai

          Buvo atlikta sisteminė per pastaruosius 10 metᶙ publikuotos literatūros apžvalga, remiantis aktualiais raktažodžiais. Taip pat, ištirtas ir visᶙ atrinktᶙ straipsniᶙ nuorodᶙ sąrašas. Į šią apžvalgą įtraukti ir tie straipsniai, kuriuose keliamos kontroversiškos problemos ar pateikiama naujᶙ duomenᶙ apie hiperprolaktinemijos gydymą.

          Rezultatai

          Šioje apžvalgoje atskleidžiami įvairūs kylantys prolaktinomᶙ gydymo sunkumai. Dėl pirminiᶙ ir antriniᶙ dopamino agonistᶙ pasipriešinimo apraiškᶙ kiekvienu atveju reikia individualaus sprendimo, ir kartais šio sprendimo dalis gali būti antineoplastinio agento temozolomido ( temozolomide) vartojimas. Dopamino agonistᶙ šalutiniai poveikiai jau aptarti; aprašyti net ir tokie reti atvejai, kaip antai valvulopatija, patologinės psichologinės būklės ar cerebrospinalinė rinorėja. Šiame straipsnyje svarstomas probleminis klausimas, kokia turėtᶙ būti vaistᶙ vartojimo trukmė ir dozės, kad būtᶙ pasiektas ilgalaikis prolaktinomᶙ gydymo efektas, nes kai kurie gydymo aspektai yra susiję su recidyvᶙ dažniu. Jie galimai susiję su gydymo dopamino agonistais trukme, nustatytu prolaktino lygiu ir pradiniu auglio dydžiu. Metforminas, somatostatino analogai, selektyvūs estrogeno receptoriᶙ moduliatoriai, tirozino kinazės inhibitoriai, žinduoliᶙ tiksliniai rapamicino inhibitoriai bei epidermio augimo faktoriaus receptoriᶙ antagonistai šiuo metu yra tiriami kaip galimos prolaktinomᶙ gydymo alternatyvos.

          Išvados

          Medikamentinis gydymas dopamino agonistais leidžia pasiekti norimᶙ rezultatᶙ gydant daugumą pacientᶙ. Tačiau nors šios medikamentᶙ grupės saugumas įrodytas, vis dėlto reikėtᶙ atsižvelgti į gretutiniᶙ efektᶙ pavojᶙ. Sprendimą dėl gydymo terapijos reikėtᶙ priimti, atsižvelgiant į klinikinę prolaktinomos gydymo eigą bei paciento reakciją į gydymą. Svarbu apsvarstyti ir kitas gydymo alternatyvas, jei pacientas netoleruoja gydymo medikamentais, jei, gydant piktybinį auglį, atsiranda kontraindikacijᶙ ar būna pasipriešinimas dopamino agonistams. Tiems atvejams, kai nustatomas atsparumas bet kuriam taikytam gydymo metodui ir agresyvioms prolaktinomoms gydyti reikia sukurti naujᶙ vaistᶙ.

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          Most cited references56

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          Diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline.

          The aim was to formulate practice guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia. The Task Force consisted of Endocrine Society-appointed experts, a methodologist, and a medical writer. This evidence-based guideline was developed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system to describe both the strength of recommendations and the quality of evidence. One group meeting, several conference calls, and e-mail communications enabled consensus. Committees and members of The Endocrine Society, The European Society of Endocrinology, and The Pituitary Society reviewed and commented on preliminary drafts of these guidelines. Practice guidelines are presented for diagnosis and treatment of patients with elevated prolactin levels. These include evidence-based approaches to assessing the cause of hyperprolactinemia, treating drug-induced hyperprolactinemia, and managing prolactinomas in nonpregnant and pregnant subjects. Indications and side effects of therapeutic agents for treating prolactinomas are also presented.
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            Management of Dopamine Agonist-Resistant Prolactinoma

            Dopamine agonists are usually very effective in the treatment of prolactinomas. Nonetheless, a subset of individuals does not respond satisfactorily to these agents, and this resistance is characterized by failure to achieve normoprolactinemia and a 30% or more reduction in maximal tumor diameter (in the case of macroprolactinoma) under maximally tolerated doses. The overall prevalence of dopamine agonist resistance is 20–30% for bromocriptine (BRC) and around 10% for cabergoline (CAB). The 2 main predictive factors are male gender and tumor invasiveness. The management of drug-resistant prolactinomas includes several options. Any BRC-resistant patient should be switched to CAB which will normalize prolactin in 80% of patients. As long as adverse effects do not develop, dose escalation of CAB is reasonable, with the expectation that subsequent dose reduction will be possible. Echocardiographic monitoring is advised in such patients because of the potential association with cardiac valvular fibrosis. Also, maintaining maximal CAB doses at 3.5 mg/week may lead to progressive hormonal control in a significant proportion of patients. Complete resistance to CAB is infrequent. In a study of 122 patients with a macroprolactinoma, only 7 (6%) could not achieve control despite maximal CAB doses for > 12 months. A large resistant prolactinoma is also an indication for transsphenoidal neurosurgery, aiming at a debulking which may improve postoperative medical control. For patients who harbor aggressive prolactinomas, radiotherapy may be considered. However, normal prolactinemia will eventually occur in only one-third of patients after many years. Finally, temozolomide may be a therapeutic option in malignant/aggressive prolactinomas.
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              Somatostatin Analogs in Clinical Practice: A Review

              Somatostatin analogs are an invaluable therapeutic option in the diagnosis and treatment of somatotropinomas, thyrotropinomas, and functioning and non-functioning gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. They should also be considered an effective and safe therapeutic alternative to corticotropinomas, gonadotropinomas, and prolactinomas resistant to dopamine agonists. Somatostatin analogs have also shown to be useful in the treatment of other endocrine diseases (congenital hyperinsulinism, Graves’ orbitopathy, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular edema), non-endocrine tumors (breast, colon, prostate, lung, and hepatocellular), and digestive diseases (chronic refractory diarrhea, hepatorenal polycystosis, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, dumping syndrome, and intestinal fistula).
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Acta Med Litu
                Acta Med Litu
                amed
                Acta Medica Lituanica
                Vilnius University Press (Vilnius )
                1392-0138
                2029-4174
                31 July 2023
                2023
                : 30
                : 2
                : 96-107
                Affiliations
                [1]V.N.Karazin Kharkiv National University, Ukraine
                Author notes
                [* ] Corresponding author: Nadiya Barabash, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, lane Balakireva, 5, Kharkiv, Ukraine. E-mail: barabash.nadezhda@ 123456gmail.com
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9196-9113
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9807-2683
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2955-5478
                Article
                amed-30-096
                10.15388/Amed.2023.30.2.1
                10952428
                38516518
                dacbbd5c-9b13-42c7-bc3d-588ec9065ec3
                Copyright © 2023 Tetiana Tykhonova, Nadiya Barabash, Olena Kanishcheva. Published by Vilnius University Press

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0)

                History
                : 23 November 2022
                : 18 January 2023
                : 17 April 2023
                Categories
                Review Paper

                hyperprolactinemia,prolactinoma treatment,dopamine receptor agonists,dopamine agonist resistance,hiperprolaktinemija,prolaktinomos gydymas,dopamino receptoriᶙ agonistai,dopamino agonistᶙ pasipriešinimas

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