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      Peace and health: exploring the nexus in the Americas

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          Abstract

          The relationship between peace and health is complex, multifactorial and fraught with challenges of definitions, measurements and outcomes. This exploratory commentary on this nexus within a focus on the Americas posits this challenge clearly and calls for more scholarship and empirical work on this issue from an interdisciplinary perspective. The overall goal of this paper is to try and explore the elements that impact the relationship between peace and health with a focus on the Americas (defined as countries spanning from Canada to Argentina) in the post-Cold war period. Focusing on the 1990s and onwards, we seek to underscore why violence continues to permeate these societies despite a third and lasting wave of democratisation in the hemisphere. We hope this will allow a more robust dialogue on peace and health in the regional and global health literature.

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          Most cited references54

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          Hypertension in developing countries.

          M Mohsen Ibrahim, Albertino Damasceno (2012)
          Data from different national and regional surveys show that hypertension is common in developing countries, particularly in urban areas, and that rates of awareness, treatment, and control are low. Several hypertension risk factors seem to be more common in developing countries than in developed regions. Findings from serial surveys show an increasing prevalence of hypertension in developing countries, possibly caused by urbanisation, ageing of population, changes to dietary habits, and social stress. High illiteracy rates, poor access to health facilities, bad dietary habits, poverty, and high costs of drugs contribute to poor blood pressure control. The health system in many developing countries is inadequate because of low funds, poor infrastructure, and inexperience. Priority is given to acute disorders, child and maternal health care, and control of communicable diseases. Governments, together with medical societies and non-governmental organisations, should support and promote preventive programmes aiming to increase public awareness, educate physicians, and reduce salt intake. Regulations for the food industry and the production and availability of generic drugs should be reinforced. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
          Article 0 comments Cited 94 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Understanding the uneven distribution of the incidence of homicide in Latin America.

            Andres Villaveces, R Briceño, A. Concha (2008)
            Throughout the final years of the twentieth century and into the beginning of the twenty-first, violence has been one of the main public health issues in Latin America, a region which has some of the highest mortality rates due to violence in the world. However, there seems to be an uneven geographical distribution of such instances. We reviewed epidemiological data on violence globally and in Latin America, and here, we discuss differences between the Latin American countries in the context of a sociological framework as well as from a public health perspective. Our results indicate marked differences by country in terms of rates of violence. Countries such as Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica, and Uruguay, have low violence mortality rates; Peru, Nicaragua, Ecuador, Dominican Republic, Panama, and Paraguay have moderate rates, and Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, El Salvador, Honduras and Venezuela have high to extremely high mortality rates. Factors related to violence include social inequalities, lack of employment opportunities, urban segregation, a culture of masculinity, local drug markets, and the availability of firearms and widespread use of alcohol. The observed homicide variability between Latin American countries can be explained largely by differences in the countries' social contexts and political models. In those countries where homicide rates are extremely high, governments should review their current policies and take preventive actions. Fortunately increasingly nowadays there are promising advancements in that direction.
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              Cross-Border Spillover: U.S. Gun Laws and Violence in Mexico

              OEINDRILA DUBE, Arindrajit Dube, OMAR GARCÍA-PONCE (2013)
              To what extent, and under what conditions, does access to arms fuel violent crime? To answer this question, we exploit a unique natural experiment: the 2004 expiration of the U.S. Federal Assault Weapons Ban exerted a spillover on gun supply in Mexican municipios near Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico, but not near California, which retained a pre-existing state-level ban. We find first that Mexican municipios located closer to the non-California border states experienced differential increases in homicides, gun-related homicides, and crime gun seizures after 2004. Second, the magnitude of this effect is contingent on political factors related to Mexico's democratic transition. Killings increased disproportionately in municipios where local elections had become more competitive prior to 2004, with the largest differentials emerging in high narco-trafficking areas. Our findings suggest that competition undermined informal agreements between drug cartels and entrenched local governments, highlighting the role of political conditions in mediating the gun-crime relationship.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMJ Glob Health
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMJ Glob Health
                Journal ID (hwp): bmjgh
                Journal ID (publisher-id): bmjgh
                Title: BMJ Global Health
                Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group (BMA House, Tavistock Square, London, WC1H 9JR )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2059-7908
                Publication date Collection: 2022
                Publication date (Electronic): 5 October 2022
                Volume: 7
                Issue: Suppl 8
                Electronic Location Identifier: e009402
                Affiliations
                [1 ]departmentDepartment of Global Health , George Washington University Milken Institute of Public Health , Washington, District of Columbia, USA
                [2 ]The George Washington University Elliott School of International Affairs , Washington, District of Columbia, USA
                [3 ]departmentDepartment of Political Science , The George Washington University Columbian College of Arts and Sciences , Washington, District of Columbia, USA
                [4 ]departmentDepartment of Political Science , Sao Paulo University—Chacara Santo Antonio I Campus , Sao Paulo, Brazil
                Author notes
                [Correspondence to ] Dr Adnan A Hyder; hydera1@ 123456email.gwu.edu
                Article
                Publisher ID: bmjgh-2022-009402
                DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2022-009402
                PMC ID: 9535176
                SO-VID: daf61fe9-0d86-4569-a8ec-c7f3375eb3be
                Copyright © © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See:  http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

                History
                Date received : 20 April 2022
                Date accepted : 01 August 2022
                Categories
                Subject: Practice
                Subject: 1506
                Custom metadata
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                Keywords: health policies and all other topics
                Data availability:
                Keywords: health policies and all other topics

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