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      Contract Research Organizations (CROs) in China: integrating Chinese research and development capabilities for global drug innovation

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          Abstract

          The significance of R&D capabilities of China has become increasingly important as an emerging force in the context of globalization of pharmaceutical research and development (R&D). While China has prospered in its R&D capability in the past decade, how to integrate the rising pharmaceutical R&D capability of China into the global development chain for innovative drugs remains challenging. For many multinational corporations and research organizations overseas, their attempt to integrate China’s pharmaceutical R&D capabilities into their own is always hindered by policy constraints and reluctance of local universities and pharmaceutical firms. In light of the situation, contract research organizations (CROs) in China have made great innovation in value proposition, value chain and value networking to be at a unique position to facilitate global and local R&D integration. Chinese CROs are now being considered as the essentially important and highly versatile integrator of local R&D capability for global drug discovery and innovation.

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          Most cited references20

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          Pharmaceutical policy in China.

          Contradictory goals plague China's pharmaceutical policy. The government wants to develop the domestic pharmaceutical industry and has used drug pricing to cross-subsidize public hospitals. Yet the government also aims to control drug spending through price caps and profit-margin regulations to guarantee access even for poor patients. The resulting system has distorted market incentives, increased consumers' costs, and financially rewarded inappropriate prescribing, thus undermining public health. Pharmaceuticals account for about half of total health spending in China, representing 43 percent of spending per inpatient episode and 51 percent of spending per outpatient visit. Yet some essential medicines are unavailable or of questionable quality.
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            Pharmaceutical supply chain in China: current issues and implications for health system reform.

            This article discusses the performance and distortions of pharmaceutical market in China and provides some reflections and policy implications for currently implemented reform. This study is based on literature review and publicly available data by searching electronic databases and official web pages of the Chinese government on the internet. China's economic transition and the incremental and piecemeal nature of health care reform have created a pharmaceutical market with a number of deficiencies, including ineffective supervision, mark-up price pattern, distortion of the price schedule, and lack of authoritative drug formulary. We conclude that the root cause of the market and government failures is that higher-than-cost drugs preferred by all suppliers. New drug pricing mechanism is the key to the current pharmaceutical reform and should be implemented in coordination with other health system reforms.
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              Emergence of biopharmaceutical innovators in China, India, Brazil, and South Africa as global competitors and collaborators

              Biopharmaceutical innovation has had a profound health and economic impact globally. Developed countries have traditionally been the source of most innovations as well as the destination for the resulting economic and health benefits. As a result, most prior research on this sector has focused on developed countries. This paper seeks to fill the gap in research on emerging markets by analyzing factors that influence innovative activity in the indigenous biopharmaceutical sectors of China, India, Brazil, and South Africa. Using qualitative research methodologies, this paper a) shows how biopharmaceutical innovation is taking place within the entrepreneurial sectors of these emerging markets, b) identifies common challenges that indigenous entrepreneurs face, c) highlights the key role played by the state, and d) reveals that the transition to innovation by companies in the emerging markets is characterized by increased global integration. It suggests that biopharmaceutical innovators in emerging markets are capitalizing on opportunities to participate in the drug development value chain and thus developing capabilities and relationships for competing globally both with and against established companies headquartered in developed countries.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                shiyunzhen@gmail.com
                haohu@umac.mo
                cmwang@umac.mo
                Journal
                Global Health
                Global Health
                Globalization and Health
                BioMed Central (London )
                1744-8603
                19 November 2014
                19 November 2014
                2014
                : 10
                : 1
                : 78
                Affiliations
                State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
                Article
                78
                10.1186/s12992-014-0078-4
                4240890
                25406839
                db4f7289-7926-4da1-94ca-5ec8350668ea
                © Shi et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 19 May 2014
                : 31 October 2014
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                © The Author(s) 2014

                Health & Social care
                contract research organization,cro,pharmaceutical r&d,global integration,china

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