Protective Roles of Sodium Butyrate in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Bovine Ruminal Epithelial Cells by Activating G Protein-Coupled Receptors 41

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Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate whether sodium butyrate (SB) attenuates the ruminal response to LPS-stimulated inflammation by activating GPR41 in bovine rumen epithelial cells (BRECs). We examined the SB regulation of GPR41 and its impact on LPS-induced inflammation using GPR41 knockdown BRECs. The LPS-induced BRECs showed increases in the expression of genes related to pro-inflammation and decreases in the expression of genes related to tight junction proteins; these were attenuated by pretreatment with SB. Compared with that in LPS-stimulated BRECs, the ratio of phosphorylated NF-κB (p65 subunit) to NF-κB (p65 subunit) and the ratio of phosphorylated IκBα to IκBα were suppressed with SB pretreatment. The LSB group abated LPS-induced apoptosis and decreased the expression of Bax, Caspase 3, and Caspase 9 mRNA relative to the LPS group. In addition, the LSB group had a lower proportion of cells in the G0–G1 phase and a higher proportion of cells in the S phase than the LPS group. The mRNA expression of ACAT1 and BDH1 genes related to volatile fatty acid (VFA) metabolism were upregulated in the LSB group compared to those in LPS-induced BRECs. In addition, pretreatment with SB promoted the gene expression of GPR41 in the LPS-induced BRECs. Interestingly, SB pretreatment protected BRECs but not GPR41KD BRECs. Our results suggest that SB pretreatment protects against the changes in BRECs LPS-induced inflammatory response by activating GPR41.

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Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method.

Kenneth Livak, Thomas D. Schmittgen (2001)

The two most commonly used methods to analyze data from real-time, quantitative PCR experiments are absolute quantification and relative quantification. Absolute quantification determines the input copy number, usually by relating the PCR signal to a standard curve. Relative quantification relates the PCR signal of the target transcript in a treatment group to that of another sample such as an untreated control. The 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method is a convenient way to analyze the relative changes in gene expression from real-time quantitative PCR experiments. The purpose of this report is to present the derivation, assumptions, and applications of the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method. In addition, we present the derivation and applications of two variations of the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method that may be useful in the analysis of real-time, quantitative PCR data. Copyright 2001 Elsevier Science (USA).

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Gut microbiota metabolism of dietary fiber influences allergic airway disease and hematopoiesis.

Aurelien Trompette, Eva Gollwitzer, Koshika Yadava … (2014)

Metabolites from intestinal microbiota are key determinants of host-microbe mutualism and, consequently, the health or disease of the intestinal tract. However, whether such host-microbe crosstalk influences inflammation in peripheral tissues, such as the lung, is poorly understood. We found that dietary fermentable fiber content changed the composition of the gut and lung microbiota, in particular by altering the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes. The gut microbiota metabolized the fiber, consequently increasing the concentration of circulating short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Mice fed a high-fiber diet had increased circulating levels of SCFAs and were protected against allergic inflammation in the lung, whereas a low-fiber diet decreased levels of SCFAs and increased allergic airway disease. Treatment of mice with the SCFA propionate led to alterations in bone marrow hematopoiesis that were characterized by enhanced generation of macrophage and dendritic cell (DC) precursors and subsequent seeding of the lungs by DCs with high phagocytic capacity but an impaired ability to promote T helper type 2 (TH2) cell effector function. The effects of propionate on allergic inflammation were dependent on G protein-coupled receptor 41 (GPR41, also called free fatty acid receptor 3 or FFAR3), but not GPR43 (also called free fatty acid receptor 2 or FFAR2). Our results show that dietary fermentable fiber and SCFAs can shape the immunological environment in the lung and influence the severity of allergic inflammation.

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Regulation of inflammatory responses by gut microbiota and chemoattractant receptor GPR43.

Kendle Maslowski, Angelica Vieira, Aylwin Ng … (2009)

The immune system responds to pathogens by a variety of pattern recognition molecules such as the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which promote recognition of dangerous foreign pathogens. However, recent evidence indicates that normal intestinal microbiota might also positively influence immune responses, and protect against the development of inflammatory diseases. One of these elements may be short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are produced by fermentation of dietary fibre by intestinal microbiota. A feature of human ulcerative colitis and other colitic diseases is a change in 'healthy' microbiota such as Bifidobacterium and Bacteriodes, and a concurrent reduction in SCFAs. Moreover, increased intake of fermentable dietary fibre, or SCFAs, seems to be clinically beneficial in the treatment of colitis. SCFAs bind the G-protein-coupled receptor 43 (GPR43, also known as FFAR2), and here we show that SCFA-GPR43 interactions profoundly affect inflammatory responses. Stimulation of GPR43 by SCFAs was necessary for the normal resolution of certain inflammatory responses, because GPR43-deficient (Gpr43(-/-)) mice showed exacerbated or unresolving inflammation in models of colitis, arthritis and asthma. This seemed to relate to increased production of inflammatory mediators by Gpr43(-/-) immune cells, and increased immune cell recruitment. Germ-free mice, which are devoid of bacteria and express little or no SCFAs, showed a similar dysregulation of certain inflammatory responses. GPR43 binding of SCFAs potentially provides a molecular link between diet, gastrointestinal bacterial metabolism, and immune and inflammatory responses.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Tianyu Yang: URI : http://loop.frontiersin.org/people/793830/overview

Osmond Datsomor: URI : http://loop.frontiersin.org/people/1732118/overview

Maocheng Jiang: URI : http://loop.frontiersin.org/people/793503/overview

Guoqi Zhao: URI : http://loop.frontiersin.org/people/793501/overview

Kang Zhan: URI : http://loop.frontiersin.org/people/673643/overview

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Front Nutr

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Front Nutr

Journal ID (publisher-id): Front. Nutr.

Title: Frontiers in Nutrition

Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.

ISSN (Electronic): 2296-861X

Publication date (Electronic): 06 May 2022

Publication date Collection: 2022

Volume: 9

Electronic Location Identifier: 842634

Affiliations

College of Animal Science and Technology, Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, China

Author notes

Edited by: Yangchun Cao, Northwest A&F University, China

Reviewed by: Brian M. Shewchuk, East Carolina University, United States; Xin Wu, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), China

*Correspondence: Guoqi Zhao, gqzhao@ 123456yzu.edu.cn

Kang Zhan, kzhan@ 123456yzu.edu.cn

This article was submitted to Nutritional Immunology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Nutrition

Article

DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.842634

PMC ID: 9121101

PubMed ID: 35600833

SO-VID: db6ef762-c091-445f-924a-b0db3aa4934e

License:

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

History

Date received : 23 December 2021

Date accepted : 10 March 2022

Page count

Figures: 10, Tables: 1, Equations: 0, References: 57, Pages: 15, Words: 8255

Funding

Funded by: National Natural Science Foundation of China, doi 10.13039/501100001809;

Protective Roles of Sodium Butyrate in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Bovine Ruminal Epithelial Cells by Activating G Protein-Coupled Receptors 41

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Abstract

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Biomarkers for Inflammatory Lung Disease

Most cited references 57

Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method.

Gut microbiota metabolism of dietary fiber influences allergic airway disease and hematopoiesis.

Regulation of inflammatory responses by gut microbiota and chemoattractant receptor GPR43.

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