Age‐dependent changes in physical performance and body composition in community‐dwelling Japanese older adults

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Abstract

Background

The aim of this study was to describe the age‐dependent changes in the parameters of physical performance and body composition in Japanese older adults who are independently dwelling in the community. We also examined whether the age‐dependent changes differ among physical performance and body composition parameters.

Methods

Cross‐sectional data from 10 092 community‐dwelling older adults (mean age 73.6 years; 5296 women) were analyzed. The measures of physical performance included hand‐grip strength, the five‐times‐sit‐to‐stand test, and walking speed. Body composition parameters (body weight, fat mass, and appendicular skeletal muscle mass) were measured with a bioelectrical impedance analyser. Correlations between age and the physical performance and body composition parameters were tested. The T‐scores of physical performance and body composition measurements were calculated and presented according to 5‐year age groups to examine the differences in age‐dependent changes in physical performance and body composition parameters.

Results

All physical performance measures significantly decreased with aging. The cumulative mean T‐scores according to age group showed different age‐dependent changes between body mass index (BMI) and appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI) (cumulative mean T‐score change of BMI and ASMI of −5.7 to −2.9 and −12.7 to −12.1, respectively). The slope declines in age‐associated changes were greater in grip strength ( β = −0.77, 95% confidence interval = −0.82 to −0.76) for men and in walking speed ( β = −0.95, 95% confidence interval = −0.99 to −0.90) for women.

Conclusions

The patterns of age‐dependent decreases in physical performance measures differed among parameters and between sexes. There is a possibility of a difference in the age‐related slope patterns among parameters; decreases in grip strength in men and walking speed in women may be more prominent with advancing age. Furthermore, the decrease in ASMI with age is more striking than that of BMI.

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Most cited references 22

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Epidemiology of sarcopenia among the elderly in New Mexico.

R. Paul Ross, Markus Baumgartner, L. Romero … (1998)

Muscle mass decreases with age, leading to "sarcopenia," or low relative muscle mass, in elderly people. Sarcopenia is believed to be associated with metabolic, physiologic, and functional impairments and disability. Methods of estimating the prevalence of sarcopenia and its associated risks in elderly populations are lacking. Data from a population-based survey of 883 elderly Hispanic and non-Hispanic white men and women living in New Mexico (the New Mexico Elder Health Survey, 1993-1995) were analyzed to develop a method for estimating the prevalence of sarcopenia. An anthropometric equation for predicting appendicular skeletal muscle mass was developed from a random subsample (n = 199) of participants and was extended to the total sample. Sarcopenia was defined as appendicular skeletal muscle mass (kg)/height2 (m2) being less than two standard deviations below the mean of a young reference group. Prevalences increased from 13-24% in persons under 70 years of age to >50% in persons over 80 years of age, and were slightly greater in Hispanics than in non-Hispanic whites. Sarcopenia was significantly associated with self-reported physical disability in both men and women, independent of ethnicity, age, morbidity, obesity, income, and health behaviors. This study provides some of the first estimates of the extent of the public health problem posed by sarcopenia.

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Low relative skeletal muscle mass (sarcopenia) in older persons is associated with functional impairment and physical disability.

Ian Janssen, Robert Ross, Steven B Heymsfield (2002)

To establish the prevalence of sarcopenia in older Americans and to test the hypothesis that sarcopenia is related to functional impairment and physical disability in older persons. Cross-sectional survey. Nationally representative cross-sectional survey using data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Fourteen thousand eight hundred eighteen adult NHANES III participants aged 18 and older. The presence of sarcopenia and the relationship between sarcopenia and functional impairment and disability were examined in 4,504 adults aged 60 and older. Skeletal muscle mass was estimated from bioimpedance analysis measurements and expressed as skeletal muscle mass index (SMI = skeletal muscle mass/body mass x 100). Subjects were considered to have a normal SMI if their SMI was greater than -one standard deviation above the sex-specific mean for young adults (aged 18-39). Class I sarcopenia was considered present in subjects whose SMI was within -one to -two standard deviations of young adult values, and class II sarcopenia was present in subjects whose SMI was below -two standard deviations of young adult values. The prevalence of class I and class II sarcopenia increased from the third to sixth decades but remained relatively constant thereafter. The prevalence of class I (59% vs 45%) and class II (10% vs 7%) sarcopenia was greater in the older (> or = 60 years) women than in the older men (P <.001). The likelihood of functional impairment and disability was approximately two times greater in the older men and three times greater in the older women with class II sarcopenia than in the older men and women with a normal SMI, respectively. Some of the associations between class II sarcopenia and functional impairment remained significant after adjustment for age, race, body mass index, health behaviors, and comorbidity. Reduced relative skeletal muscle mass in older Americans is a common occurrence that is significantly and independently associated with functional impairment and disability, particularly in older women. These observations provide strong support for the prevailing view that sarcopenia may be an important and potentially reversible cause of morbidity and mortality in older persons.

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Physical performance measures in the clinical setting.

Stephanie Studenski, Subashan Perera, Dennis H. Wallace … (2003)

To assess the ability of gait speed alone and a three-item lower extremity performance battery to predict 12-month rates of hospitalization, decline in health, and decline in function in primary care settings serving older adults. Prospective cohort study. Primary care programs of a Medicare health maintenance organization (HMO) and Veterans Affairs (VA) system. Four hundred eighty-seven persons aged 65 and older. Lower extremity performance Established Population for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly (EPESE) battery including gait speed, chair stands, and tandem balance tests; demographics; health care use; health status; functional status; probability of repeated admission scale (Pra); and primary physician's hospitalization risk estimate. Veterans had poorer health and higher use than HMO members. Gait speed alone and the EPESE battery predicted hospitalization; 41% (21/51) of slow walkers (gait speed 1.0 m/s) (P <.0001). The relationship was stronger in the HMO than in the VA. Both performance measures remained independent predictors after accounting for Pra. The EPESE battery was superior to gait speed when both Pra and primary physician's risk estimate were included. Both performance measures predicted decline in function and health status in both health systems. Performance measures, alone or in combination with self-report measures, were more able to predict outcomes than self-report alone. Gait speed and a physical performance battery are brief, quantitative estimates of future risk for hospitalization and decline in health and function in clinical populations of older adults. Physical performance measures might serve as easily accessible "vital signs" to screen older adults in clinical settings.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Hyuma Makizako: makizako@ncgg.go.jp

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle

Journal ID (doi): 10.1007/13539.2190-6009

Journal ID (publisher-id): JCSM

Title: Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle

Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )

ISSN (Print): 2190-5991

ISSN (Electronic): 2190-6009

Publication date (Electronic): 08 June 2017

Publication date (Print): August 2017

Volume: 8

Issue: 4 ( doiID: 10.1002/jcsm.v8.4 )

Pages: 607-614

Affiliations

[ ¹ ] Department of Preventive Gerontology Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology 7‐430 Morioka‐machi Obu Aichi 474‐8511 Japan

[ ² ] Graduate School of Human Development and Environment Kobe University 3‐11 Tsurukabuto, Nada‐ku Kobe Hyogo 657‐8501 Japan

[ ³ ] Laboratory for Exercise Physiology and Biomechanics, School of Health and Sport Sciences Chukyo University 101 Tokodachi, Kaizu‐cho Toyota‐shi Aichi 470‐0393 Japan

[ ⁴ ] Department of Physical Therapy Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kyusyu Nutrition Welfare University 5‐1‐1, Shimoitouzu, Kokurakita‐ku, Kitakyusyu‐shi Fukuoka 803‐8511 Japan

[ ⁵ ] Liberal Arts and Sciences Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu‐shi Toyama 939‐0398 Japan

[ ⁶ ] Department of Nutritional Health Faculty of Wellness Studies, Kwassui Women's University 1‐50 Higashiyamate‐machi Nagasaki 850‐8515 Japan

[ ⁷ ] Department of Health Care and Science College of Health Science, Dong‐A University 37 Nakdong‐Daero 550 beon‐gil Saha‐Gu Busan 604‐714 South Korea

[ ⁸ ] Research Institute for Gerontology J.F. Oberlin University 3758 Tokiwa‐machi, Machida‐shi Tokyo 194‐0294 Japan

Author notes

[*] [* ] Correspondence to: Hyuma Makizako, Department of Preventive Gerontology, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7‐430 Morioka‐machi, Obu, Aichi 474‐8511, Japan. Tel.: +81‐562‐44‐5651, Fax: +81‐562‐46‐8294,

Email: makizako@ 123456ncgg.go.jp

Article

Publisher ID: JCSM12197 Other ID: JCSM-D-16-00211

DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12197

PMC ID: 5566639

PubMed ID: 28597612

SO-VID: dbae07b8-e739-40c8-ac9c-cdcc78cd7e48

License:

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial‐NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

History

Date received : 16 September 2016

Date revision received : 17 January 2017

Date accepted : 07 February 2017

Page count

Figures: 4, Tables: 2, Pages: 8, Words: 3349

Custom metadata

source-schema-version-number 2.0

component-id jcsm12197

cover-date August 2017

details-of-publishers-convertor Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_NLMPMC version:5.1.7 mode:remove_FC converted:23.08.2017

ScienceOpen disciplines: Orthopedics

Keywords: muscle mass,muscle strength,mobility,aging

Data availability:

ScienceOpen disciplines: Orthopedics

Keywords: muscle mass, muscle strength, mobility, aging

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Age‐dependent changes in physical performance and body composition in community‐dwelling Japanese older adults

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Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Related collections

Orthopedics

Most cited references 22

Epidemiology of sarcopenia among the elderly in New Mexico.

Low relative skeletal muscle mass (sarcopenia) in older persons is associated with functional impairment and physical disability.

Physical performance measures in the clinical setting.

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Contributors

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Similar content 180

Cited by 43

Most referenced authors 1,348