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      Cadaver validation of skeletal muscle measurement by magnetic resonance imaging and computerized tomography

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          Abstract

          Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computerized tomography (CT) are promising reference methods for quantifying whole body and regional skeletal muscle mass. Earlier MRI and CT validation studies used data-acquisition techniques and data-analysis procedures now outdated, evaluated anatomic rather than adipose tissue-free skeletal muscle (ATFSM), studied only the relatively large thigh, or found unduly large estimation errors. The aim of the present study was to compare arm and leg ATFSM cross-sectional area estimates (cm 2) by using standard MRI and CT acquisition and image-analysis methods with corresponding cadaver estimates. A second objective was to validate MRI and CT measurements of adipose tissue embedded within muscle (interstitial adipose tissue) and surrounding muscle (subcutaneous adipose tissue). ATFSM area ( n = 119) by MRI [38.9 ± 22.3 (SD) cm 2], CT (39.7 ± 22.8 cm 2), and cadaver (39.5 ± 23.0 cm 2) were not different ( P > 0.001), and both MRI and CT estimates of ATFSM were highly correlated with corresponding cadaver values [MRI: r = 0.99, SE of estimate (SEE) 3.9 cm 2, P < 0.001; and CT: r = 0.99, SEE = 3.8 cm 2, P < 0.001]. Similarly good results were observed between MRI- and CT-measured vs. cadaver-measured interstitial and subcutaneous adipose tissue. For MRI-ATFSM the intraobserver correlation for duplicate measurements in vivo was 0.99 [SEE = 8.7 cm 2(2.9%), P < 0.001]. These findings strongly support the use of MRI and CT as reference methods for appendicular skeletal muscle, interstitial and subcutaneous adipose tissue measurement in vivo.

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          Changes in force, cross-sectional area and neural activation during strength training and detraining of the human quadriceps.

          M V Narici, M. Narici, Giulio S Roi … (1989)
          Four male subjects aged 23-34 years were studied during 60 days of unilateral strength training and 40 days of detraining. Training was carried out four times a week and consisted of six series of ten maximal isokinetic knee extensions at an angular velocity of 2.09 rad.s-1. At the start and at every 20th day of training and detraining, isometric maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), integrated electromyographic activity (iEMG) and quadriceps muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) assessed at seven fractions of femur length (Lf), by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, were measured on both trained (T) and untrained (UT) legs. Isokinetic torques at 30 degrees before full knee extension were measured before and at the end of training at: 0, 1.05, 2.09, 3.14, 4.19, 5.24 rad.s-1. After 60 days T leg CSA had increased by 8.5% +/- 1.4% (mean +/- SEM, n = 4, p less than 0.001), iEMG by 42.4% +/- 16.5% (p less than 0.01) and MVC by 20.8% +/- 5.4% (p less than 0.01). Changes during detraining had a similar time course to those of training. No changes in UT leg CSA were observed while iEMG and MVC increased by 24.8% +/- 10% (N.S.) and 8.7% +/- 4.3% (N.S.), respectively. The increase in quadriceps muscle CSA was maximal at 2/10 Lf (12.0% +/- 1.5%, p less than 0.01) and minimal, proximally to the knee, at 8/10 Lf (3.5% +/- 1.2%, N.S.). Preferential hypertrophy of the vastus medialis and intermedius muscles compared to those of the rectus femoris and lateralis muscles was observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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            Age changes in body composition revealed by computed tomography.

            Peter Robbins, G Borkan, D Hults … (1983)
            Computed tomography scans were taken of 21 middle-aged men (M age 46.3 years) and 20 older men (M age 69.4 years) to measure differences in body composition with age. Overall, the older men weighed 8.2 kg less than the middle-aged men, and this difference was primarily the result of their having less lean tissue. Although fat mass was only slightly less in older men, there were clear distributional differences in fat between the age groups. Total abdomen fat area was similar in both groups, although the subcutaneous portion of the abdomen fat was less in the older men, and they had correspondingly greater intra-abdominal fat. Muscle areas of the leg and arm were significantly less in the older men, as were all lean tissues of the abdomen and chest. Analysis of fat accumulation between muscles of the abdomen and leg indicated fat infiltration into lean tissue in the older men. Causes of this apparent fat redistribution and lean body mass decline with age are presently unknown.
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              Quantification of adipose tissue by MRI: relationship with anthropometric variables.

              J. D. Morris, Frans Kok, R Guardo … (1992)
              This study had two objectives: 1) to establish magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a tool for measuring total and regional adipose tissue (AT) distribution in humans and 2) to assess the relationship between selected anthropometric variables and MRI-measured AT. Twenty-seven healthy men varying in age [40.8 +/- 14.5 (SD) yr], body mass index (28.5 +/- 4.8), and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR, 0.96 +/- 0.07) participated in the study. Total AT volume was determined using a linear interpolation of AT areas obtained on consecutive slices (n = 41) taken from head to toe (10-mm thickness, 50-mm centers). The mean change for repeated measures of total AT volume was 2.9% (range 0.9-4.3%). Large interindividual differences were observed for total AT volume (6.9-59.3 liters), subcutaneous AT (6.3-49.8 liters), and visceral AT (0.5-8.5 liters). Visceral AT represented 18.3% of the total AT. The single best predictor of total adiposity was waist circumference (R2 = 0.92). For visceral AT volume, WHR was the strongest anthropometric correlate (r = 0.85, P less than 0.01). When controlled for age and adiposity, however, WHR explained only 12% of the variation in absolute visceral AT and less than 1% of the variation in visceral-to-subcutaneous ratio. Age was a better predictor of visceral-to-subcutaneous ratio than level of adiposity or WHR. The results of this study demonstrate that MRI offers a reliable measure of regional and total AT distribution in humans and, thus, is of value as a research tool.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: Journal of Applied Physiology
                Abbreviated Title: Journal of Applied Physiology
                Publisher: American Physiological Society
                ISSN (Print): 8750-7587
                ISSN (Electronic): 1522-1601
                Publication date Created: July 01 1998
                Publication date (Print): July 01 1998
                Volume: 85
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 115-122
                Affiliations
                [1 ]School of Physical and Health Education, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6;
                [2 ]Clinical Nutrition Program, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131;
                [3 ]St-Luke’s-Roosevelt Hospital, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10025; and
                [4 ]Department of Anatomy, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
                Article
                DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1998.85.1.115
                PubMed ID: 9655763
                SO-VID: dc3fd018-22fa-4d9c-99dd-4dd6c26b9fbf
                Copyright © © 1998
                History

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