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      Broad-spectrum bioactivities of silver nanoparticles: the emerging trends and future prospects

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          Abstract

          There are alarming reports of growing microbial resistance to all classes of antimicrobial agents used against different infections. Also the existing classes of anticancer drugs used against different tumours warrant the urgent search for more effective alternative agents for treatment. Broad-spectrum bioactivities of silver nanoparticles indicate their potential to solve many microbial resistance problems up to a certain extent. The antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiprotozoal, acaricidal, larvicidal, lousicidal and anticancer activities of silver nanoparticles have recently attracted the attention of scientists all over the world. The aim of the present review is to discuss broad-spectrum multifunctional activities of silver nanoparticles and stress their therapeutic potential as smart nanomedicine. Much emphasis has been dedicated to the antimicrobial and anticancer potential of silver nanoparticles showing their promising characteristics for treatment, prophylaxis and control of infections, as well as for diagnosis and treatment of different cancer types.

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          Does the antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles depend on the shape of the nanoparticle? A study of the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli.

          In this work we investigated the antibacterial properties of differently shaped silver nanoparticles against the gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli, both in liquid systems and on agar plates. Energy-filtering transmission electron microscopy images revealed considerable changes in the cell membranes upon treatment, resulting in cell death. Truncated triangular silver nanoplates with a {111} lattice plane as the basal plane displayed the strongest biocidal action, compared with spherical and rod-shaped nanoparticles and with Ag(+) (in the form of AgNO(3)). It is proposed that nanoscale size and the presence of a {111} plane combine to promote this biocidal property. To our knowledge, this is the first comparative study on the bactericidal properties of silver nanoparticles of different shapes, and our results demonstrate that silver nanoparticles undergo a shape-dependent interaction with the gram-negative organism E. coli.
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            Interaction of silver nanoparticles with HIV-1

            The interaction of nanoparticles with biomolecules and microorganisms is an expanding field of research. Within this field, an area that has been largely unexplored is the interaction of metal nanoparticles with viruses. In this work, we demonstrate that silver nanoparticles undergo a size-dependent interaction with HIV-1, with nanoparticles exclusively in the range of 1–10 nm attached to the virus. The regular spatial arrangement of the attached nanoparticles, the center-to-center distance between nanoparticles, and the fact that the exposed sulfur-bearing residues of the glycoprotein knobs would be attractive sites for nanoparticle interaction suggest that silver nanoparticles interact with the HIV-1 virus via preferential binding to the gp120 glycoprotein knobs. Due to this interaction, silver nanoparticles inhibit the virus from binding to host cells, as demonstrated in vitro.
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              Silver Nanoparticles as Potential Antiviral Agents

              Virus infections pose significant global health challenges, especially in view of the fact that the emergence of resistant viral strains and the adverse side effects associated with prolonged use continue to slow down the application of effective antiviral therapies. This makes imperative the need for the development of safe and potent alternatives to conventional antiviral drugs. In the present scenario, nanoscale materials have emerged as novel antiviral agents for the possibilities offered by their unique chemical and physical properties. Silver nanoparticles have mainly been studied for their antimicrobial potential against bacteria, but have also proven to be active against several types of viruses including human imunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, herpes simplex virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and monkey pox virus. The use of metal nanoparticles provides an interesting opportunity for novel antiviral therapies. Since metals may attack a broad range of targets in the virus there is a lower possibility to develop resistance as compared to conventional antivirals. The present review focuses on the development of methods for the production of silver nanoparticles and on their use as antiviral therapeutics against pathogenic viruses.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                +91-721-2662206 , +91-721-2662135 , mahendrarai@sgbau.ac.in , mkrai123@rediffmail.com , pmkrai@hotmail.com
                Journal
                Appl Microbiol Biotechnol
                Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol
                Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
                Springer Berlin Heidelberg (Berlin/Heidelberg )
                0175-7598
                1432-0614
                10 January 2014
                2014
                : 98
                : 5
                : 1951-1961
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.444309.e, ISNI 0000000106908229, Department of Biotechnology, , Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, ; Amravati, 444 602 Maharashtra India
                [2 ]GRID grid.445504.4, Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology, , Kharkiv National Medical University, ; Kharkiv, Ukraine
                [3 ]GRID grid.412368.a, ISNI 0000000406438839, Centre of Natural and Human Science and Universidade Federal do ABC, ; Santo Andre, SP Brazil
                [4 ]GRID grid.411087.b, ISNI 0000000107232494, Biological Chemistry Laboratory, Instituto de Química, , Universidade Estadual de Campinas, ; Campinas, SP Brazil
                [5 ]GRID grid.4691.a, ISNI 000000010790385X, Department of Pharmacy, , University of Naples “Federico II”, ; Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy
                [6 ]GRID grid.9841.4, ISNI 0000000122008888, Division of Microbiology, Department of Experimental Medicine, , II University of Naples, ; Via De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
                [7 ]GRID grid.419473.c, ISNI 0000000417901315, CIRPEB University of Naples “Federico II” and Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, ; Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy
                Article
                5473
                10.1007/s00253-013-5473-x
                7080016
                24407450
                dc7f6540-9ff8-4659-9514-ae0b3567a908
                © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

                History
                : 7 September 2013
                : 13 December 2013
                : 14 December 2013
                Categories
                Mini-Review
                Custom metadata
                © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014

                Biotechnology
                silver nanoparticles,bioactivity,antimicrobial,antiarthropod,anticancer
                Biotechnology
                silver nanoparticles, bioactivity, antimicrobial, antiarthropod, anticancer

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