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      Call for Papers: Sex and Gender in Neurodegenerative Diseases

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      About Neurodegenerative Diseases: 3.0 Impact Factor I 4.3 CiteScore I 0.695 Scimago Journal & Country Rank (SJR)

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      Adaptation of the Modified Mini-Mental State Examination (3MS) and Determination of Its Normative Values in Turkey

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          Abstract

          Background/Aims: This study aimed to adapt the Modified Mini-Mental State Examination (3MS) and determine its normative values in Turkey. Methods: After translation and cultural adaptation processes, a population-based study was conducted between February and June 2016 in Ankara with individuals over the age of 55 years. Subjects with a previous diagnosis of dementia along with neuropsychiatric disorders that might affect cognition were excluded. Data analyses were performed to assess the association of sociodemographic variables with 3MS scores. Results: Two versions of the Turkish 3MS (for educated and minimally educated individuals) were developed. A total of 2,235 participants were included in the field study. After exclusion, the data on the final sample of 1,909 individuals were analyzed, where age, gender, and education accounted for variance in 3MS scores. Younger age and higher educational attainment were associated with better 3MS performance. Conclusions: A widely applicable dementia screening test was adapted to Turkish and its normative values were determined. The test will make it possible to evaluate the cognitive performance of both educated and minimally educated elderly individuals based on their age, gender, and educational level.

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          The Modified Mini-Mental State (3MS) examination.

          E Teng, H Chui (1987)
          The Mini-Mental State (MMS) examination is a widely used screening test for dementia. The Modified Mini-Mental State (3MS) incorporates four added test items, more graded scoring, and some other minor changes. These modifications are designed to sample a broader variety of cognitive functions, cover a wider range of difficulty levels, and enhance the reliability and the validity of the scores. The 3MS retains the brevity, ease of administration, and objective scoring of the MMS but broadens the range of scores from 0-30 to 0-100. Greater sensitivities of the 3MS over the MMS are demonstrated with the pentagon item drawn by 249 patients. A summary form for administration and scoring that can generate both the MMS and the 3MS scores is provided so that the examiner can maintain continuity with existing data and can obtain a more informative assessment.
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            The Montreal Cognitive Assessment: Normative Data from a Large Swedish Population-Based Cohort

            Emma Borland, Katarina Nägga, Peter M. Nilsson … (2017)
            Background: The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) has a high sensitivity for detecting cognitive dysfunction. Swedish normative data does not exist and international norms are often derived from populations where cognitive impairment has not been screened for and not been thoroughly assessed to exclude subjects with dementia or mild cognitive impairment. Objective: To establish norms for MoCA and develop a regression-based norm calculator based on a large, well-examined cohort. Methods: MoCA was administered on 860 randomly selected elderly people from a population-based cohort from the EPIC study. Cognitive dysfunction was screened for and further assessed at a memory clinic. After excluding cognitively impaired participants, normative data was derived from 758 people, aged 65–85. Results: MoCA cut-offs (–1 to –2 standard deviations) for cognitive impairment ranged from <25 to <21 for the lowest educated and <26 to <24 for the highest educated, depending on age group. Significant predictors for MoCA score were age, sex and level of education. Conclusion: We present detailed normative MoCA data and cut-offs according to the DSM-5 criteria for cognitive impairment based on a large population-based cohort of elderly individuals, screened and thoroughly investigated to rule out cognitive impairment. Level of education, sex, and age should be taken in account when evaluating MoCA score, which is facilitated by our online regression-based calculator that provide percentile and z-score for a subject’s MoCA score.
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              Community screening for dementia: the Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE) and Modified Mini-Mental State Exam (3MS) compared.

              I McDowell, B Kristjansson, G.B. Hill … (1997)
              The objectives of this study were to assess whether Teng's modification of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) improves its performance as a screening test for cognitive impairment and dementia, and to replicate this comparison in French and English language groups, and for differing assumptions concerning the relative importance of false negative and false positive errors. Screening interviews were conducted with representative samples of people aged 65 or over, set in 36 communities in 10 Canadian provinces. There were 8900 community participants in the Canadian Study of Health and Aging, of whom 1600 also underwent an extensive clinical and neuropsychological examination. Sensitivity, specificity and areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for the original MMSE and modified version (the 3MS) were the main outcome measures. Results are reported for French and English versions of the tests. The results indicate the alpha internal consistency for the 3MS was 0.87, compared to 0.78 for the MMSE. The area under the ROC curve in identifying dementia was 0.93 for the 3MS and 0.89 for the MMSE (p < 0.001). There was less difference between the two tests in identifying all levels of cognitive impairment (AUC 0.80 versus 0.77, p < 0.01). The superiority of the 3MS appears more due to its extended scoring system than to its additional questions. The validity of the MMSE was comparable in English and French samples; results for the 3MS were inconsistent between the two samples, suggesting possible translation problems. In conclusion, the 3MS was superior to the MMSE, justifying the slightly greater burden for its administration and scoring. Neither test worked well in identifying lower levels of cognitive impairment.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): DEM
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1159/issn.1420-8008
                Title: Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders
                Publisher: S. Karger AG
                ISSN (Print): 1420-8008
                ISSN (Electronic): 1421-9824
                Publication date Subscription-year: 2019
                Publication date (Print): October 2019
                Publication date (Electronic): 07 August 2019
                Volume: 47
                Issue: 4-6
                Pages: 315-322
                Affiliations
                [_a] aInstitute of Public Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
                [_b] bDepartment of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
                [_c] cDepartment of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
                [_d] dDepartment of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
                Author notes
                *Ozge Karadag Caman, Department of Health Promotion, Institute of Public Health, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye/Altindag, TR–06100 Ankara (Turkey), E-Mail ozgecaman@gmail.com, Yavuz Ayhan, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye/Altindag, TR–06100 Ankara (Turkey), E-Mail yavuzayhan@gmail.com
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1372-1555
                Article
                Publisher ID: 500939 Other ID: Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2019;47:315–322
                DOI: 10.1159/000500939
                PubMed ID: 31390625
                SO-VID: dcb47189-9842-4e63-b140-ae47d4defd63
                Copyright © © 2019 S. Karger AG, Basel
                License:

                Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

                History
                Date received : 07 December 2018
                Date accepted : 13 May 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 3, Pages: 8
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Geriatric medicine,Neurology,Cardiovascular Medicine,Neurosciences,Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry,Public health
                Keywords: Test standardization,Normative data,Modified Mini-Mental State Examination (3MS),Screening,Dementia
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Geriatric medicine, Neurology, Cardiovascular Medicine, Neurosciences, Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry, Public health
                Keywords: Test standardization, Normative data, Modified Mini-Mental State Examination (3MS), Screening, Dementia

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