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      Historia de los coronavirus: COVID-19 en niños y adolescentes Translated title: History of coronaviruses: COVID-19 in children and adolescents

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN Introducción: los niños y adolescentes infectados por el SARS-CoV-2, generalmente evolucionan de manera asintomática o con síntomas leves, aunque pueden desarrollar formas graves de la enfermedad. Objetivo: describir aspectos relacionados con la historia de los coronavirus, cuadro clínico y epidemiológico de niños y adolescentes diagnosticados con COVID-19. Métodos: revisión bibliográfica donde se analizaron 40 artículos científicos acerca de la temática, utilizando los descriptores SARS-COV2 y COVID-19 obtenidos de las bases de datos de obtenidos de PubMed, Scielo y Google Académico, fueron referenciados 25 como bibliografía. Predominaron los artículos publicados durante los últimos cinco años y otros por su relevancia. Desarrollo: el brote de enfermedad por COVID-19 se convirtió en un reto para la salud pública a nivel mundial, provocando miles de muertes cada día alrededor del mundo. A pesar de la importancia epidemiológica y del daño causado en todas las edades, los patrones clínicos de niños con COVID-19 no son claros. La enfermedad respiratoria tiene un amplio espectro que va desde una afección respiratoria alta sin mayor trascendencia hasta un síndrome de distrés respiratorio (SDRA) con infección por COVID-19, hasta el momento los datos de los pacientes pediátricos. Conclusiones: Los niños y adolescentes juegan un papel muy importante en la cadena de transmisión viral. Por tanto, se recomienda a los profesionales de salud que atienden niños, estar alertas para realizar el diagnóstico, debido a que la gran mayoría de estos pacientes son asintomáticos o presentan sintomatología leve que pueden coincidir con otros gérmenes respiratorios.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Introduction: children and adolescents infected by SARS-CoV-2 generally evolve asymptomatically or with mild symptoms, although they may develop severe forms of the disease. Objective: to describe aspects related to the history of coronaviruses, clinical and epidemiological picture of children and adolescents diagnosed with COVID-19. Methods: bibliographic review where 40 scientific articles on the subject were analyzed, using the descriptors SARS-COV2 and COVID-19 obtained from the databases obtained from PubMed, Scielo and Google Scholar, 25 were referenced as bibliography. Articles published during the last five years and others were predominant due to their relevance. Development: the outbreak of COVID-19 disease became a global public health challenge, causing thousands of deaths every day around the world. Despite the epidemiological importance and the harm caused at all ages, the clinical patterns of children with COVID-19 are unclear. The respiratory disease has a broad spectrum ranging from a inconsequential upper respiratory condition to respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with COVID-19 infection, so far data from pediatric patients. Conclusions: Children and adolescents play a very important role in the viral transmission chain. Therefore, it is recommended that health professionals caring for children should be alert to make the diagnosis, since most of these patients are asymptomatic or present mild symptoms that may coincide with other respiratory germs.

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          Most cited references21

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          Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Different Types of Clinical Specimens

          This study describes results of PCR and viral RNA testing for SARS-CoV-2 in bronchoalveolar fluid, sputum, feces, blood, and urine specimens from patients with COVID-19 infection in China to identify possible means of non-respiratory transmission.
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            Spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the Icelandic Population

            Abstract Background During the current worldwide pandemic, coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) was first diagnosed in Iceland at the end of February. However, data are limited on how SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes Covid-19, enters and spreads in a population. Methods We targeted testing to persons living in Iceland who were at high risk for infection (mainly those who were symptomatic, had recently traveled to high-risk countries, or had contact with infected persons). We also carried out population screening using two strategies: issuing an open invitation to 10,797 persons and sending random invitations to 2283 persons. We sequenced SARS-CoV-2 from 643 samples. Results As of April 4, a total of 1221 of 9199 persons (13.3%) who were recruited for targeted testing had positive results for infection with SARS-CoV-2. Of those tested in the general population, 87 (0.8%) in the open-invitation screening and 13 (0.6%) in the random-population screening tested positive for the virus. In total, 6% of the population was screened. Most persons in the targeted-testing group who received positive tests early in the study had recently traveled internationally, in contrast to those who tested positive later in the study. Children under 10 years of age were less likely to receive a positive result than were persons 10 years of age or older, with percentages of 6.7% and 13.7%, respectively, for targeted testing; in the population screening, no child under 10 years of age had a positive result, as compared with 0.8% of those 10 years of age or older. Fewer females than males received positive results both in targeted testing (11.0% vs. 16.7%) and in population screening (0.6% vs. 0.9%). The haplotypes of the sequenced SARS-CoV-2 viruses were diverse and changed over time. The percentage of infected participants that was determined through population screening remained stable for the 20-day duration of screening. Conclusions In a population-based study in Iceland, children under 10 years of age and females had a lower incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection than adolescents or adults and males. The proportion of infected persons identified through population screening did not change substantially during the screening period, which was consistent with a beneficial effect of containment efforts. (Funded by deCODE Genetics–Amgen.)
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              Middle East respiratory syndrome

              Summary Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a highly lethal respiratory disease caused by a novel single-stranded, positive-sense RNA betacoronavirus (MERS-CoV). Dromedary camels, hosts for MERS-CoV, are implicated in direct or indirect transmission to human beings, although the exact mode of transmission is unknown. The virus was first isolated from a patient who died from a severe respiratory illness in June, 2012, in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. As of May 31, 2015, 1180 laboratory-confirmed cases (483 deaths; 40% mortality) have been reported to WHO. Both community-acquired and hospital-acquired cases have been reported with little human-to-human transmission reported in the community. Although most cases of MERS have occurred in Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, cases have been reported in Europe, the USA, and Asia in people who travelled from the Middle East or their contacts. Clinical features of MERS range from asymptomatic or mild disease to acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiorgan failure resulting in death, especially in individuals with underlying comorbidities. No specific drug treatment exists for MERS and infection prevention and control measures are crucial to prevent spread in health-care facilities. MERS-CoV continues to be an endemic, low-level public health threat. However, the virus could mutate to have increased interhuman transmissibility, increasing its pandemic potential.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rpr
                Revista de Ciencias Médicas de Pinar del Río
                Rev Ciencias Médicas
                Editorial Ciencias Médicas (Pinar del Río, , Cuba )
                1561-3194
                December 2023
                : 27
                : 6
                : e6097
                Affiliations
                [1] La Habana orgnameUniversidad de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana. orgdiv1Centro de Investigaciones Médico-Quirúrgicas (CIMEQ) Cuba
                Article
                S1561-31942023000700019 S1561-3194(23)02700600019
                dcdf3137-953b-45ba-9a11-6127678af2c6

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 25 July 2023
                : 25 June 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 21, Pages: 0
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                SciELO Cuba


                MEDICAL STAFF,COVID-19,CORONAVIRUS,CUADRO CLÍNICO,SARS-COV-2

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