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Bridging gaps in the molecular phylogeny of the Lymnaeidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata), vectors of Fascioliasis
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      Alternaria alternata as endophyte and pathogen

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      Author(s): 1 , * ,
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Microbiology
      Publisher: Microbiology Society
      Keywords: taxonomy, systematics, symbiosis, fungi, species delimitation

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          Abstract

          Alternaria alternata is a common species of fungus frequently isolated from plants as both an endophyte and a pathogen. Although the current definition of A. alternata rests on a foundation of morphological, genetic and genomic analyses, doubts persist regarding the scope of A. alternata within the genus due to the varied symbiotic interactions and wide host range observed in these fungi. These doubts may be due in large part to the history of unstable taxonomy in Alternaria, based on limited morphological characters for species delimitation and host specificity associated with toxins encoded by genes carried on conditionally dispensable chromosomes. This review explores the history of Alternaria taxonomy, focusing in particular on the use of nutritional mode and host associations in species delimitation, with the goal of evaluating A. alternata as it currently stands based on taxonomic best practice. Given the recombination detected among isolates of A. alternata, different symbiotic associations in this species should not be considered phylogenetically informative.

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          Phylogenetic species recognition and species concepts in fungi.

          John Taylor, David J Jacobson, Scott Kroken … (2000)
          The operational species concept, i.e., the one used to recognize species, is contrasted to the theoretical species concept. A phylogenetic approach to recognize fungal species based on concordance of multiple gene genealogies is compared to those based on morphology and reproductive behavior. Examples where Phylogenetic Species Recognition has been applied to fungi are reviewed and concerns regarding Phylogenetic Species Recognition are discussed.
          Article 0 comments Cited 514 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            The Hidden World within Plants: Ecological and Evolutionary Considerations for Defining Functioning of Microbial Endophytes.

            Pablo R Hardoim, Leonard S van Overbeek, Gabriele Berg … (2015)
            All plants are inhabited internally by diverse microbial communities comprising bacterial, archaeal, fungal, and protistic taxa. These microorganisms showing endophytic lifestyles play crucial roles in plant development, growth, fitness, and diversification. The increasing awareness of and information on endophytes provide insight into the complexity of the plant microbiome. The nature of plant-endophyte interactions ranges from mutualism to pathogenicity. This depends on a set of abiotic and biotic factors, including the genotypes of plants and microbes, environmental conditions, and the dynamic network of interactions within the plant biome. In this review, we address the concept of endophytism, considering the latest insights into evolution, plant ecosystem functioning, and multipartite interactions.
            Article 0 comments Cited 456 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Diversity and host range of foliar fungal endophytes: are tropical leaves biodiversity hotspots?

              A. Arnold, F. Lutzoni (2007)
              Fungal endophytes are found in asymptomatic photosynthetic tissues of all major lineages of land plants. The ubiquity of these cryptic symbionts is clear, but the scale of their diversity, host range, and geographic distributions are unknown. To explore the putative hyperdiversity of tropical leaf endophytes, we compared endophyte communities along a broad latitudinal gradient from the Canadian arctic to the lowland tropical forest of central Panama. Here, we use molecular sequence data from 1403 endophyte strains to show that endophytes increase in incidence, diversity, and host breadth from arctic to tropical sites. Endophyte communities from higher latitudes are characterized by relatively few species from many different classes of Ascomycota, whereas tropical endophyte assemblages are dominated by a small number of classes with a very large number of endophytic species. The most easily cultivated endophytes from tropical plants have wide host ranges, but communities are dominated by a large number of rare species whose host range is unclear. Even when only the most easily cultured species are considered, leaves of tropical trees represent hotspots of fungal species diversity, containing numerous species not yet recovered from other biomes. The challenge remains to recover and identify those elusive and rarely cultured taxa with narrower host ranges, and to elucidate the ecological roles of these little-known symbionts in tropical forests.
              Article 0 comments Cited 255 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Microbiology (Reading)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Microbiology (Reading)
                Journal ID (hwp): micro
                Journal ID (publisher-id): micro
                Title: Microbiology
                Publisher: Microbiology Society
                ISSN (Print): 1350-0872
                ISSN (Electronic): 1465-2080
                Publication date Collection: 2022
                Publication date (Electronic): 29 March 2022
                Publication date PMC-release: 29 March 2022
                Volume: 168
                Issue: 3
                Electronic Location Identifier: 001153
                Affiliations
                [ 1​ ] departmentPlant and Microbial Biology Department, College of Biological Sciences , University of Minnesota , St. Paul, MN, USA
                Author notes
                *Correspondence: Mara DeMers, demer013@ 123456umn.edu
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3782-5634
                Article
                Publisher ID: 001153
                DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001153
                PMC ID: 9558358
                PubMed ID: 35348451
                SO-VID: de9487c3-d4f9-4d6d-8080-cc71ff8c187f
                Copyright © © 2022 The Authors
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. This article was made open access via a Publish and Read agreement between the Microbiology Society and the corresponding author’s institution.

                History
                Date received : 23 November 2021
                Date accepted : 02 February 2022
                Funding
                Funded by: Graduate School, University of Minnesota
                Award Recipient : MaraDeMers
                Categories
                Subject: Microbial Evolution
                Custom metadata
                OpenAccessEmbargo 0

                Keywords: taxonomy,systematics,symbiosis,fungi,species delimitation
                Data availability:
                Keywords: taxonomy, systematics, symbiosis, fungi, species delimitation

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