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      A Meta‐Analysis of the Impact of Natural Disasters on Internalizing and Externalizing Problems in Youth

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          Abstract

          Although exposure to natural disasters can lead to diverse mental health (MH) outcomes in youth, most child disaster MH research has focused on posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). To highlight the likelihood of other MH outcomes, we meta‐analyzed studies that have examined other (non‐PTSS) internalizing and externalizing behavior problems in youth exposed to natural disasters. We used PRISMA guidelines to systematically gather studies that have examined the association between natural disaster exposure and non‐PTSS internalizing and/or externalizing problems in samples of children and adolescents. Analyses of random effects models of 62 studies examining non‐PTSS internalizing problems and 26 studies examining externalizing problems showed exposure to natural disasters was significantly associated with non‐PTSS internalizing, r mean = .18, k = 70, and externalizing problems, r mean = .08; k = 31, in youth. Moderator analyses revealed a stronger association between disaster exposure and non‐PTSS internalizing problems in countries with a “medium” Human Development Index (HDI) ranking, r = .56, than in countries with “high,” r = .15, and “very high,” r = .16, HDI rankings. We also found a stronger association between disaster exposure and externalizing problems in countries with a medium HDI ranking, r = .54, versus high, r = .05, and very high, r = .04, HDI rankings, and based on parent, r = .16, compared to child, r = −.01, report. Results support the need for assessment of multiple postdisaster MH outcomes to inform comprehensive interventions. We also include a discussion of the state of the disaster MH research.

          Resumen

          Spanish Abstracts by the Asociación Chilena de Estrés Traumático (ACET)

          UN METAANÁLISIS DEL IMPACTO DE LOS DESASTRES NATURALES EN LOS PROBLEMAS DE INTERNALIZACIÓN Y EXTERNALIZACIÓN EN LA JUVENTUD

          DESASTRES NATURALES Y SALUD MENTAL EN LA JUVENTUD

          Aunque la exposición a desastres naturales puede conducir a diversos resultados de salud mental (SM) en los jóvenes, la mayoría de las investigaciones sobre SM infantil en desastres se centran en los síntomas de estrés postraumático (SEPT). Para destacar la probabilidad de otros resultados de SM, hemos realizado un meta‐análisis sobre los estudios que han examinado otros problemas de comportamiento de internalización y externalización (no SEPT) en jóvenes expuestos a desastres naturales. Utilizamos las pautas de PRISMA para recopilar sistemáticamente los estudios que han examinado la asociación entre la exposición a desastres naturales y los problemas de internalización y externalización no SEPT en muestras de niños y adolescentes. Análisis de modelos de efectos aleatorios de 62 estudios que examinan problemas de internalización no SEPT y 26 estudios que examinan los problemas de externalización mostraron que la exposición a desastres naturales se asoció significativamente con problemas de internalización no SEPT, r mean = .18 ( k = 70 tamaños de efecto) y externalización, r mean = .08 ( k = 31 tamaños de efecto) en la juventud. Los análisis del moderador revelaron una asociación más fuerte entre la exposición a desastres y problemas de internalización no SEPT en países con un índice de desarrollo humano “mediano” (HDI en su sigla en inglés) ranking, r = .56, que en los países con clasificaciones HDI “alto”, r = .15, y “muy alto”, r = .16. También encontramos una asociación más fuerte entre la exposición al desastre y los problemas de externalización en países con una clasificación HDI media, r = .54, versus clasificaciones HDI alta, r = .05, y muy alta, r = .04, y basado en el informe reporte de los padres r = .16, en comparación con el del niño, r = ‐.01. Los resultados apoyan la necesidad de la evaluación de múltiples resultados de SM posteriores al desastre para informar las intervenciones integrales. También incluimos una discusión sobre el estado de la investigación de SM en los desastres.

          抽象

          Traditional and Simplified Chinese Abstracts by AsianSTSS

          The Impact of Natural Disasters on Internalizing and Externalizing Problems in Youth: A Meta‐Analysis

          Traditional Chinese

          標題: 天災對青少年的內化和外化問題影響元分析

          撮要: 縱使經歷天災可導致青少年有多種心理問題(MH), 大部分對兒童災後的MH研究都只針對創傷後壓力症狀 (PTSS)。為了解其他MH的可能性, 我們搜尋檢視經歷天災的青少年其他(非PTSS)內化和外化行為問題的研究, 進行元分析。我們根據PRISMA的指引, 系統性地收集有關兒童及青少年的非PTSS內化和/或外化問題跟天災經歷的關連研究;運用隨機效應模型, 分析62個檢視非PTSS內化問題和26個檢視外化問題的研究。結果發現, 天災經歷跟青少年的非PTSS內化問題 (r mean = .18; (k = 70 效應量)) 和外化問題 (r mean = .08; (k = 31 效應量)) 都有顯著關連。調節因素分析顯示, 相比人力發展指數(HDI)為「高」(r = .15)與「極高」(r = .16)的國家, 在HDI為「中等」的國家裡, 天災經歷跟非PTSS內化問題的關連較強(r = .56)。同樣地, 相比HDI為「高」(r = .05)與「極高」(r = .04)的國家, 天災經歷跟外化問題的關連在HDI為「中等」的國家亦較強(r = .54);根據家長(r = .16)和孩子(r = ‐.01)的報告亦有同樣發現。結果反映, 我們有需要對多種災後的MH進行評估, 以提供更全面的干預治療。我們亦討論到災後MH研究目前的發展。

          Simplified Chinese

          标题: 天灾对青少年的内化和外化问题影响元分析

          撮要: 纵使经历天灾可导致青少年有多种心理问题(MH), 大部分对儿童灾后的MH研究都只针对创伤后压力症状 (PTSS)。为了解其他MH的可能性, 我们搜寻检视经历天灾的青少年其他(非PTSS)内化和外化行为问题的研究, 进行元分析。我们根据PRISMA的指引, 系统性地收集有关儿童及青少年的非PTSS内化和/或外化问题跟天灾经历的关连研究;运用随机效应模型, 分析62个检视非PTSS内化问题和26个检视外化问题的研究。结果发现, 天灾经历跟青少年的非PTSS内化问题 (r mean = .18; (k = 70 效应量)) 和外化问题 (r mean = .08; (k = 31 效应量)) 都有显著关连。调节因素分析显示, 相比人力发展指数(HDI)为「高」(r = .15)与「极高」(r = .16)的国家, 在HDI为「中等」的国家里, 天灾经历跟非PTSS内化问题的关连较强(r = .56)。同样地, 相比HDI为「高」(r = .05)与「极高」(r = .04)的国家, 天灾经历跟外化问题的关连在HDI为「中等」的国家亦较强(r = .54);根据家长(r = .16)和孩子(r = ‐.01)的报告亦有同样发现。结果反映, 我们有需要对多种灾后的MH进行评估, 以提供更全面的干预治疗。我们亦讨论到灾后MH研究目前的发展。

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          Most cited references21

          • Record: found
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          • Article: not found

          Evidence that school-age children can self-report on their health.

          Anne Riley (2004)
          The value of obtaining children's reports about their health from questionnaires is a topic of considerable debate in clinical pediatrics and child health research. Evidence from the following areas can inform the debate: 1) studies of parent-child agreement or concordance about the child's health state, 2) basic research on the development of children's cognitive abilities, 3) cognitive interviewing studies of children's abilities to respond to questionnaires and of influences on their responses, 4) psychometric studies of child-report questionnaires, and 5) longitudinal research on the value of children's reports. This review makes a case for the utility of child rather than parent-proxy reports for many, though not all, applications. The review summarizes evidence in terms of the value and limitations of child questionnaire reports. Research demonstrates adequate understanding and reliability and validity of child reports of their health even at age 6, which increases after age 7 in general populations. The reliability of reports by children 8-11 years old is quite good on health questionnaires developed especially for this age group. Children's personal reports provide a viable means of monitoring internal experiences of health and distress during childhood and adolescence, which can enhance understanding about trajectories of health and development of illnesses.
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            A meta-analysis of risk factors for depression in adults and children after natural disasters

            Background A number of studies have shown a range of negative psychological symptoms (e.g. depression) after exposure to natural disasters. The aim of this study was to determine risk factors for depression in both children and adults who have survived natural disasters. Methods Four electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and PsychInfo) were used to search for observational studies (case–control, cross-sectional, and cohort studies) about depression following natural disasters. The literature search, study selection, and data extraction were conducted independently by two authors. Thirty-one articles were included in the study, of which twenty included adult participants and eleven included child participants. Summary estimates were obtained using random-effects models. Subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis, and publication bias tests were performed on the data. Results The prevalence of depression after natural disasters ranged from 5.8% to 54.0% in adults and from 7.5% to 44.8% in children. We found a number of risk factors for depression after exposure to natural disasters. For adults, the significant predictors were being female ;not married;holding religious beliefs; having poor education; prior trauma; experiencing fear, injury, or bereavement during the disaster; or losing employment or property, suffering house damage as a result of the disaster. For children, the significant predictors were prior trauma; being trapped during the disaster; experiencing injury, fear, or bereavement during the disaster; witnessing injury/death during the disaster; or having poor social support. Conclusions The current analysis provides evidence of risk factors for depression in survivors of natural disasters. Further research is necessary to design interventions to improve the mental health of survivors of natural disasters.
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              Psychiatric comorbidity in children after the 1988 earthquake in Armenia.

              To determine current rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depressive disorder, and separation anxiety disorder (SAD) among children 1 1/2 years after the 1988 earthquake in Armenia; to determine current rates of comorbid PTSD and depressive disorder; and to assess the contribution of exposure, gender, loss of family members, and loss of residence. Two hundred eighteen school-age children from three cities at increasing distances from the epicenter were evaluated using the Child Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index, the Depression Self-Rating Scale, and the section on SAD from the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents. On the basis of these evaluations, high rates of current PTSD, depressive disorder, and their co-occurrence were found among victims residing in the two heavily impacted cities. SAD was comparatively less frequent, although symptoms of SAD had been pervasive throughout the region. Severity of posttraumatic stress and depressive reactions were highly correlated. Extent of loss of family members was independently correlated with each. After a catastrophic natural disaster, children are at risk for comorbid PTSD and secondary depression. Based on the findings, an interactive model is proposed of postdisaster psychopathology. Early clinical intervention is recommended to prevent chronic posttraumatic stress reactions and secondary depression.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                srubens@scu.edu
                Journal
                J Trauma Stress
                J Trauma Stress
                10.1002/(ISSN)1573-6598
                JTS
                Journal of Traumatic Stress
                John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                0894-9867
                1573-6598
                05 June 2018
                June 2018
                : 31
                : 3 ( doiID: 10.1002/jts.2018.31.issue-3 )
                : 332-341
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Department of Counseling Psychology Santa Clara University Santa Clara California USA
                [ 2 ] Gevirtz Graduate School of Education University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California USA
                [ 3 ] Department of Psychology University of Missouri–Kansas City Kansas City Missouri USA
                Author notes
                [*] [* ]Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Dr. Sonia Rubens, Department of Counseling Psychology, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA 95053. Email: srubens@ 123456scu.edu
                Article
                JTS22292
                10.1002/jts.22292
                6055700
                29870078
                ded83eac-96e4-4e13-a726-cbc98237822e
                Copyright © 2018 The Authors. Journal of Traumatic Stress published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 03 August 2017
                : 28 February 2018
                : 04 March 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 3, Pages: 10, Words: 8470
                Categories
                Research Article
                Research Articles
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                jts22292
                June 2018
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_NLMPMC version:version=5.4.3 mode:remove_FC converted:23.07.2018

                Emergency medicine & Trauma
                Emergency medicine & Trauma

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