A Roadmap Towards Standards for Neurally Controlled End Effectors

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Abstract

The control and manipulation of various types of end effectors such as powered exoskeletons, prostheses, and ‘neural’ cursors by brain-machine interface (BMI) systems has been the target of many research projects. A seamless “plug and play” interface between any BMI and end effector is desired, wherein similar user's intent cause similar end effectors to behave identically. This report is based on the outcomes of an IEEE Standards Association Industry Connections working group on End Effectors for Brain-Machine Interfacing that convened to identify and address gaps in the existing standards for BMI-based solutions with a focus on the end-effector component. A roadmap towards standardization of end effectors for BMI systems is discussed by identifying current device standards that are applicable for end effectors. While current standards address basic electrical and mechanical safety, and to some extent, performance requirements, several gaps exist pertaining to unified terminologies, data communication protocols, patient safety and risk mitigation.

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Most cited references 86

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High-performance neuroprosthetic control by an individual with tetraplegia.

Jennifer L. Collinger, Brian Wodlinger, John Downey … (2013)

Paralysis or amputation of an arm results in the loss of the ability to orient the hand and grasp, manipulate, and carry objects, functions that are essential for activities of daily living. Brain-machine interfaces could provide a solution to restoring many of these lost functions. We therefore tested whether an individual with tetraplegia could rapidly achieve neurological control of a high-performance prosthetic limb using this type of an interface. We implanted two 96-channel intracortical microelectrodes in the motor cortex of a 52-year-old individual with tetraplegia. Brain-machine-interface training was done for 13 weeks with the goal of controlling an anthropomorphic prosthetic limb with seven degrees of freedom (three-dimensional translation, three-dimensional orientation, one-dimensional grasping). The participant's ability to control the prosthetic limb was assessed with clinical measures of upper limb function. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01364480. The participant was able to move the prosthetic limb freely in the three-dimensional workspace on the second day of training. After 13 weeks, robust seven-dimensional movements were performed routinely. Mean success rate on target-based reaching tasks was 91·6% (SD 4·4) versus median chance level 6·2% (95% CI 2·0-15·3). Improvements were seen in completion time (decreased from a mean of 148 s [SD 60] to 112 s [6]) and path efficiency (increased from 0·30 [0·04] to 0·38 [0·02]). The participant was also able to use the prosthetic limb to do skilful and coordinated reach and grasp movements that resulted in clinically significant gains in tests of upper limb function. No adverse events were reported. With continued development of neuroprosthetic limbs, individuals with long-term paralysis could recover the natural and intuitive command signals for hand placement, orientation, and reaching, allowing them to perform activities of daily living. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, National Institutes of Health, Department of Veterans Affairs, and UPMC Rehabilitation Institute. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Restoring cortical control of functional movement in a human with quadriplegia.

Chad Bouton, Ammar Shaikhouni, Nicholas V Annetta … (2016)

Millions of people worldwide suffer from diseases that lead to paralysis through disruption of signal pathways between the brain and the muscles. Neuroprosthetic devices are designed to restore lost function and could be used to form an electronic 'neural bypass' to circumvent disconnected pathways in the nervous system. It has previously been shown that intracortically recorded signals can be decoded to extract information related to motion, allowing non-human primates and paralysed humans to control computers and robotic arms through imagined movements. In non-human primates, these types of signal have also been used to drive activation of chemically paralysed arm muscles. Here we show that intracortically recorded signals can be linked in real-time to muscle activation to restore movement in a paralysed human. We used a chronically implanted intracortical microelectrode array to record multiunit activity from the motor cortex in a study participant with quadriplegia from cervical spinal cord injury. We applied machine-learning algorithms to decode the neuronal activity and control activation of the participant's forearm muscles through a custom-built high-resolution neuromuscular electrical stimulation system. The system provided isolated finger movements and the participant achieved continuous cortical control of six different wrist and hand motions. Furthermore, he was able to use the system to complete functional tasks relevant to daily living. Clinical assessment showed that, when using the system, his motor impairment improved from the fifth to the sixth cervical (C5-C6) to the seventh cervical to first thoracic (C7-T1) level unilaterally, conferring on him the critical abilities to grasp, manipulate, and release objects. This is the first demonstration to our knowledge of successful control of muscle activation using intracortically recorded signals in a paralysed human. These results have significant implications in advancing neuroprosthetic technology for people worldwide living with the effects of paralysis.

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Virtual reality in neuroscience research and therapy.

Corey Bohil, Bradly Alicea, Frank Biocca (2011)

Virtual reality (VR) environments are increasingly being used by neuroscientists to simulate natural events and social interactions. VR creates interactive, multimodal sensory stimuli that offer unique advantages over other approaches to neuroscientific research and applications. VR's compatibility with imaging technologies such as functional MRI allows researchers to present multimodal stimuli with a high degree of ecological validity and control while recording changes in brain activity. Therapists, too, stand to gain from progress in VR technology, which provides a high degree of control over the therapeutic experience. Here we review the latest advances in VR technology and its applications in neuroscience research.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Paek Andrew Y. Paek Andrew Y.:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5467-9280

Brantley Justin A. Brantley Justin A.

Sujatha Ravindran Akshay Sujatha Ravindran Akshay

Nathan Kevin Nathan Kevin

He Yongtian He Yongtian:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3700-4406

Eguren David Eguren David

Cruz-Garza Jesus G. Cruz-Garza Jesus G.:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8440-6416

Nakagome Sho Nakagome Sho

Wickramasuriya Dilranjan S. Wickramasuriya Dilranjan S.

Chang Jiajun Chang Jiajun

Rashed-Al-Mahfuz Md Rashed-Al-Mahfuz Md

Amin Md. Rafiul Amin Md. Rafiul:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4680-3071

Bhagat Nikunj A. Bhagat Nikunj A.:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0158-2861

Contreras-Vidal Jose L. Contreras-Vidal Jose L.:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6499-1208

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): IEEE Open J Eng Med Biol

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): IEEE Open J Eng Med Biol

Journal ID (publisher-id): 0076400

Journal ID (publisher-id): OJEMB

Journal ID (coden): IOJEA7

Title: IEEE Open Journal of Engineering in Medicine and Biology

Publisher: IEEE

ISSN (Electronic): 2644-1276

Publication date Collection: 2021

Publication date (Electronic): 12 February 2021

Volume: 2

Pages: 84-90

Affiliations

[1] institutionUniversity of Houston, institutionringgold 14743; Houston TX 77204 USA

[2] institutionUniversity of Houston, institutionringgold 14743; Houston TX 77204 USA

[3] divisionDepartment of Bioengineering, institutionUniversity of Pennsylvania, institutionringgold 6572; Philadelphia PA 19104 USA

[4] institutionUniversity of Houston, institutionringgold 14743; Houston TX 77204 USA

[5] divisionDepartment of Design and Environmental Analysis, institutionCornell University, institutionringgold 5922; Ithaca NY 14853 USA

[6] institutionUniversity of Houston, institutionringgold 14743; Houston TX 77204 USA

[7] divisionDepartment of Computer Science and Engineering, institutionUniversity of Rajshahi, institutionringgold 118869; Rajshahi 6205 Bangladesh

[8] institutionUniversity of Houston, institutionringgold 14743; Houston TX 77204 USA

[9] institutionFeinstein Institutes for Medical Research, institutionringgold 88982; Manhasset NY 11030 USA

Article

DOI: 10.1109/OJEMB.2021.3059161

PMC ID: 8979628

PubMed ID: 35402986

SO-VID: dee709d8-0474-480b-b23d-d49cd860491c

License:

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

History

Date received : 12 November 2020

Date revision received : 24 December 2020

Date accepted : 09 February 2021

Date: 02 April 2021

Page count

Figures: 0, Tables: 2, References: 94, Pages: 7

Funding

Funded by: fundref 10.13039/100000001, institutionNational Science Foundation;

Award ID: #1650536

Funded by: institutionIEEE Standards Association Industry Connections;

Funded by: institutionIEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society;

This work was supported in part by the IUCRC BRAIN funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation under Grant #1650536, the IEEE Standards Association Industry Connections, the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, and the IEEE Brain Initiative.

A Roadmap Towards Standards for Neurally Controlled End Effectors

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cGMP: Generators, Effectors and Therapeutic Implications Conference

Most cited references 86

High-performance neuroprosthetic control by an individual with tetraplegia.

Restoring cortical control of functional movement in a human with quadriplegia.

Virtual reality in neuroscience research and therapy.

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