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      A novel vehicle-mounted sticky trap; an effective sampling tool for savannah tsetse flies Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and Glossina morsitans centralis Machado

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          Abstract

          Background

          Black screen fly round (BFR) is a mobile sampling method for Glossina morsitans. This technique relies on the ability of operator(s) to capture flies landing on the screen with hand nets. In this study, we aimed to evaluate a vehicle-mounted sticky panel trap (VST) that is independent of the operator’s ability to capture flies against BFR, for effective and rapid sampling of G. m. morsitans Westwood and G. m. centralis Machado. We also determined the influence of the VST colour (all-blue, all-black or 1:1 blue-black), orientation and presence of odour attractants on tsetse catch.

          Methodology/Principal findings

          Using randomised block design experiments conducted in Zambia, we compared and modelled the number of tsetse flies caught in the treatment arms using negative binomial regression. There were no significant differences in the catch indices of the three colour designs and for in-line or transversely oriented panels for both subspecies ( P > 0. 05). When baited with butanone and 1-octen-3-ol, VST caught 1.38 (1.11–1.72; P < 0. 01) times more G. m. centralis flies than the un-baited trap. Attractants did not significantly increase the VST catch index for G. m. morsitans ( P > 0. 05). Overall, the VST caught 2.42 (1.91–3.10; P < 0. 001) and 2.60 (1.50–3.21; P < 0. 001) times more G. m. centralis and G. m. morsitans respectively, than the BFR. The VST and BFR took 10 and 35 min respectively to cover a 1 km transect.

          Conclusion/Significance

          The VST is several times more effective for sampling G. m. morsitans and G. m. centralis than the BFR and we recommend its use as an alternative sampling tool.

          Author summary

          The fly round is a mobile method used to sample G. m. morsitans and G. m. centralis, important vectors of human and animal African trypanosomiasis. However, its effectiveness is largely dependent on the skill and ability of the operator(s) to catch flies using a hand net. Here, we report the evaluation of an alternative mobile sampling tool, the vehicle-mounted sticky trap (VST) which is independent of operator skill and ability to catch flies. We show that VST is more effective in catching both female and male G. m. morsitans and G. m. centralis compared to the black-screen fly round (BFR). Furthermore, VST covered the same distance of BFR in a much shorter time. This study provides a basis for the use of VST in large scale sampling of G. morsitans to determine its geographical limit, a critical aspect in the planning of vector control strategies and interventions.

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          Most cited references51

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          Re-epithelialization and immune cell behaviour in an ex vivo human skin model

          A large body of literature is available on wound healing in humans. Nonetheless, a standardized ex vivo wound model without disruption of the dermal compartment has not been put forward with compelling justification. Here, we present a novel wound model based on application of negative pressure and its effects for epidermal regeneration and immune cell behaviour. Importantly, the basement membrane remained intact after blister roof removal and keratinocytes were absent in the wounded area. Upon six days of culture, the wound was covered with one to three-cell thick K14+Ki67+ keratinocyte layers, indicating that proliferation and migration were involved in wound closure. After eight to twelve days, a multi-layered epidermis was formed expressing epidermal differentiation markers (K10, filaggrin, DSG-1, CDSN). Investigations about immune cell-specific manners revealed more T cells in the blister roof epidermis compared to normal epidermis. We identified several cell populations in blister roof epidermis and suction blister fluid that are absent in normal epidermis which correlated with their decrease in the dermis, indicating a dermal efflux upon negative pressure. Together, our model recapitulates the main features of epithelial wound regeneration, and can be applied for testing wound healing therapies and investigating underlying mechanisms.
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            Human African trypanosomiasis.

            Human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) is a parasitic infection that almost invariably progresses to death unless treated. Human African trypanosomiasis caused devastating epidemics during the 20th century. Thanks to sustained and coordinated efforts over the past 15 years, the number of reported cases has fallen to an historically low level. Fewer than 3000 cases were reported in 2015, and the disease is targeted for elimination by WHO. Despite these recent successes, the disease is still endemic in parts of sub-Saharan Africa, where it is a considerable burden on rural communities, most notably in central Africa. Since patients are also reported from non-endemic countries, human African trypanosomiasis should be considered in differential diagnosis for travellers, tourists, migrants, and expatriates who have visited or lived in endemic areas. In the absence of a vaccine, disease control relies on case detection and treatment, and vector control. Available drugs are suboptimal, but ongoing clinical trials provide hope for safer and simpler treatments.
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              Effect Displays inRfor Generalised Linear Models

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS Negl Trop Dis
                PLoS Negl Trop Dis
                plos
                PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1935-2727
                1935-2735
                19 July 2021
                July 2021
                : 15
                : 7
                : e0009620
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria, South Africa
                [2 ] Department of Veterinary Services, Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Control Unit, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka, Zambia
                [3 ] Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
                Institut de recherche pour le developpement, FRANCE
                Author notes

                The authors have declared that no competing interest exist.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4815-9515
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6821-7044
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8625-6490
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5184-3089
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1578-0973
                Article
                PNTD-D-21-00336
                10.1371/journal.pntd.0009620
                8321396
                34280199
                df2db853-3628-4e6f-b875-17a0643557b1
                © 2021 Muyobela et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 8 March 2021
                : 2 July 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 3, Pages: 14
                Funding
                Funded by: german academic exchange service
                Award ID: 57511424
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: south africa national research foundation (nrf)
                Award ID: RA191211496819
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: university of pretoria
                Award Recipient :
                This work received financial support from the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) In-Region PhD Scholarship Programme 57511424 awarded to JM and, the South African National Research Foundation (NRF) Grant RA191211496819 to CP. The study was part of the postgraduate training programme of JM being undertaken at the University of Pretoria. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Physical Sciences
                Chemistry
                Chemical Compounds
                Organic Compounds
                Butanones
                Physical Sciences
                Chemistry
                Organic Chemistry
                Organic Compounds
                Butanones
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Zoology
                Entomology
                Insects
                Glossina
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Animals
                Invertebrates
                Arthropoda
                Insects
                Glossina
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Zoology
                Animals
                Invertebrates
                Arthropoda
                Insects
                Glossina
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Zoology
                Entomology
                Insects
                Glossina
                Tsetse Fly
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Animals
                Invertebrates
                Arthropoda
                Insects
                Glossina
                Tsetse Fly
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Zoology
                Animals
                Invertebrates
                Arthropoda
                Insects
                Glossina
                Tsetse Fly
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Medical Conditions
                Infectious Diseases
                Disease Vectors
                Insect Vectors
                Tsetse Fly
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Species Interactions
                Disease Vectors
                Insect Vectors
                Tsetse Fly
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Medical Conditions
                Tropical Diseases
                Neglected Tropical Diseases
                African Trypanosomiasis
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Medical Conditions
                Parasitic Diseases
                Protozoan Infections
                Trypanosomiasis
                African Trypanosomiasis
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Medical Conditions
                Infectious Diseases
                Zoonoses
                Trypanosomiasis
                African Trypanosomiasis
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Medical Conditions
                Parasitic Diseases
                Protozoan Infections
                Trypanosomiasis
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Medical Conditions
                Infectious Diseases
                Zoonoses
                Trypanosomiasis
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Protozoans
                Parasitic Protozoans
                Trypanosoma
                Physical Sciences
                Materials Science
                Materials
                Adhesives
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Research Design
                Experimental Design
                Custom metadata
                vor-update-to-uncorrected-proof
                2021-07-29
                All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.

                Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Infectious disease & Microbiology

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