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      Insights into the role of estrogens and androgens in glial tumorigenesis

      review-article
      Author(s): ,
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Journal of Carcinogenesis
      Publisher: Wolters Kluwer - Medknow
      Keywords: Androgen, estrogen, glioblastoma, glioma, hormones

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          Abstract

          Gliomas are more common in males than in females. Emerging evidence from several studies in vitro and in vivo have shown the role of estrogens and androgens in glial tumorigenesis. In recent times, studies have also shed light on the actions of estrogen receptors, alpha and beta, and androgen receptor. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the research hitherto on estrogens and androgens along with an emphasis on their receptors in glioma pathophysiology. Studies with conflicting results are discussed and future possibilities are put forward. A collective understanding of the studies on these steroid hormones in glioma may serve to create an amalgamated therapeutic approach; and thereby, augment the efforts in tackling this deadly disease.

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          Genetic pathways to glioblastoma: a population-based study.

          Hiroko Ohgaki, Pierre Dessen, Benjamin Jourde … (2004)
          We conducted a population-based study on glioblastomas in the Canton of Zurich, Switzerland (population, 1.16 million) to determine the frequency of major genetic alterations and their effect on patient survival. Between 1980 and 1994, 715 glioblastomas were diagnosed. The incidence rate per 100,000 population/year, adjusted to the World Standard Population, was 3.32 in males and 2.24 in females. Observed survival rates were 42.4% at 6 months, 17.7% at 1 year, and 3.3% at 2 years. For all of the age groups, younger patients survived significantly longer, ranging from a median of 8.8 months ( 80 years). Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) 10q was the most frequent genetic alteration (69%), followed by EGFR amplification (34%), TP53 mutations (31%), p16(INK4a) deletion (31%), and PTEN mutations (24%). LOH 10q occurred in association with any of the other genetic alterations and was predictive of shorter survival. Primary (de novo) glioblastomas prevailed (95%), whereas secondary glioblastomas that progressed from low-grade or anaplastic gliomas were rare (5%). Secondary glioblastomas were characterized by frequent LOH 10q (63%) and TP53 mutations (65%). Of the TP53 mutations in secondary glioblastomas, 57% were in hotspot codons 248 and 273, whereas in primary glioblastomas, mutations were more equally distributed. G:C-->A:T mutations at CpG sites were more frequent in secondary than primary glioblastomas (56% versus 30%; P = 0.0208). This suggests that the acquisition of TP53 mutations in these glioblastoma subtypes occurs through different mechanisms.
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            CBTRUS statistical report: Primary brain and central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2006-2010.

            Q. T. Ostrom, H. Gittleman, P. Farah … (2013)
            Article 0 comments Cited 269 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Long-term survival with glioblastoma multiforme.

              Dietmar Krex, Barbara Klink, Christian J. Hartmann … (2007)
              The median survival of glioblastoma patients is approximately 12 months. However, 3-5% of the patients survives for more than 3 years and are referred to as long-term survivors. The clinical and molecular factors that contribute to long-term survival are still unknown. To identify specific parameters that might be associated with this phenomenon, we performed a detailed clinical and molecular analysis of 55 primary glioblastoma long-term survivors recruited at the six clinical centres of the German Glioma Network and one associated centre. An evaluation form was developed and used to document demographic, clinical and treatment-associated parameters. In addition, environmental risk factors, associated diseases and occupational risks were assessed. These patients were characterized by young age at diagnosis and a good initial Karnofsky performance score (KPS). None of the evaluated socioeconomic, environmental and occupational factors were associated with long-term survival. Molecular analyses revealed MGMT hypermethylation in 28 of 36 tumours (74%) investigated. TP53 mutations were found in 9 of 31 tumours (29%) and EGFR amplification in 10 of 38 tumours (26%). Only 2 of 32 tumours (6%) carried combined 1p and 19q deletions. Comparison of these data with results from an independent series of 141 consecutive unselected glioblastoma patients registered in the German Glioma Network revealed significantly more frequent MGMT hypermethylation in the long-term survivor group. Taken together, our findings underline the association of glioblastoma long-term survival with prognostically favourable clinical factors, in particular young age and good initial performance score, as well as MGMT promoter hypermethylation.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Carcinog
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Carcinog
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JC
                Title: Journal of Carcinogenesis
                Publisher: Wolters Kluwer - Medknow (India )
                ISSN (Print): 0974-6773
                ISSN (Electronic): 1477-3163
                Publication date Collection: 2021
                Publication date (Electronic): 13 August 2021
                Volume: 20
                Electronic Location Identifier: 10
                Affiliations
                [1] Department of Life Sciences, Sophia College (Autonomous), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Dr. Bhavna Daswani, Department of Life Sciences, Sophia College (Autonomous), Mumbai - 400 026, Maharashtra, India. E-mail: bhavna.daswani@ 123456sophiacollege.edu.in
                Article
                Publisher ID: JC-20-10
                DOI: 10.4103/jcar.JCar_2_21
                PMC ID: 8411981
                PubMed ID: 34526856
                SO-VID: e0f030ac-61cf-469a-8fb1-327a3b3caf8d
                Copyright © Copyright: © 2021 Journal of Carcinogenesis
                License:

                This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

                History
                Date received : 24 January 2021
                Date revision received : 19 February 2021
                Date accepted : 24 April 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Oncology & Radiotherapy
                Keywords: androgen,estrogen,glioblastoma,glioma,hormones
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Oncology & Radiotherapy
                Keywords: androgen, estrogen, glioblastoma, glioma, hormones

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