Salivary Biomarkers and Their Application in the Diagnosis and Monitoring of the Most Common Oral Pathologies

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Abstract

Saliva is a highly versatile biological fluid that is easy to gather in a non-invasive manner—and the results of its analysis complement clinical and histopathological findings in the diagnosis of multiple diseases. The objective of this review was to offer an update on the contribution of salivary biomarkers to the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases of the oral cavity, including oral lichen planus, periodontitis, Sjögren’s syndrome, oral leukoplakia, peri-implantitis, and medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw. Salivary biomarkers such as interleukins, growth factors, enzymes, and other biomolecules have proven useful in the diagnosis and follow-up of these diseases, facilitating the early evaluation of malignization risk and the monitoring of disease progression and response to treatment. However, further studies are required to identify new biomarkers and verify their reported role in the diagnosis and/or prognosis of oral diseases.

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Most cited references 142

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The IL-1 family: regulators of immunity.

John E. Sims, Dirk Smith (2010)

Over recent years it has become increasingly clear that innate immune responses can shape the adaptive immune response. Among the most potent molecules of the innate immune system are the interleukin-1 (IL-1) family members. These evolutionarily ancient cytokines are made by and act on innate immune cells to influence their survival and function. In addition, they act directly on lymphocytes to reinforce certain adaptive immune responses. This Review provides an overview of both the long-established and more recently characterized members of the IL-1 family. In addition to their effects on immune cells, their involvement in human disease and disease models is discussed.

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Periodontitis: facts, fallacies and the future.

Jørgen Slots (2017)

This volume of Periodontology 2000 represents the 25th anniversary of the Journal, and uses the occasion to assess important advancements in periodontology over the past quarter-century as well as the hurdles that remain. Periodontitis is defined by pathologic loss of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. The disease involves complex dynamic interactions among active herpesviruses, specific bacterial pathogens and destructive immune responses. Periodontal diagnostics is currently based on clinical rather than etiologic criteria, and provides limited therapeutic guidance. Periodontal causative treatment consists of scaling, antiseptic rinses and occasionally systemic antibiotics, and surgical intervention has been de-emphasized, except perhaps for the most advanced types of periodontitis. Plastic surgical therapy includes soft-tissue grafting to cover exposed root surfaces and bone grafting to provide support for implants. Dental implants are used to replace severely diseased or missing teeth, but implant overuse is of concern. The utility of laser treatment for periodontitis remains unresolved. Host modulation and risk-factor modification therapies may benefit select patient groups. Patient self-care is a critical part of periodontal health care, and twice-weekly oral rinsing with 0.10-0.25% sodium hypochlorite constitutes a valuable adjunct to conventional anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis treatments. A link between periodontal herpesviruses and systemic diseases is a strong biological plausibility. In summary, research during the past 25 years has significantly changed our concepts of periodontitis pathobiology and has produced more-effective and less-costly therapeutic options.

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Systematic review of the survival rate and the incidence of biological, technical, and aesthetic complications of single crowns on implants reported in longitudinal studies with a mean follow-up of 5 years.

Ronald Jung, Anja Zembic, Bjarni E Pjetursson … (2012)

To assess the 5-year survival of implant-supported single crowns (SCs) and to describe the incidence of biological, technical, and aesthetic complications. The focused question was: What is the survival rate of implants supporting single crowns and implant-supported crowns with a mean follow-up of 5 years and to which extent do biological, technical, and aesthetic complications occur?

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Mol Sci

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Mol Sci

Journal ID (publisher-id): ijms

Title: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Publisher: MDPI

ISSN (Electronic): 1422-0067

Publication date (Electronic): 21 July 2020

Publication date Collection: July 2020

Volume: 21

Issue: 14

Electronic Location Identifier: 5173

Affiliations

[1 ]Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences (Ceuta), University of Granada, 51001 Granada, Spain; luciamr@ 123456ugr.es

[2 ]Instituto Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain; vircoss@ 123456ugr.es (V.J.C.-R.); fjmanza@ 123456ugr.es (F.J.M.-M.); rebecaim@ 123456ugr.es (R.I.-M.)

[3 ]Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain

[4 ]Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain

[5 ]Institute of Neuroscience, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain

Author notes

[* ]Correspondence: crr@ 123456ugr.es ; Tel.: +34-958243497

Author information

Concepción Ruiz https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4332-6812

Rebeca Illescas-Montes https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9795-8159

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Publisher ID: ijms-21-05173

DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145173

PMC ID: 7403990

PubMed ID: 32708341

SO-VID: e1ee019d-a086-409f-aa86-c63e537d2b20

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Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Salivary Biomarkers and Their Application in the Diagnosis and Monitoring of the Most Common Oral Pathologies

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Most cited references 142

The IL-1 family: regulators of immunity.

Periodontitis: facts, fallacies and the future.

Systematic review of the survival rate and the incidence of biological, technical, and aesthetic complications of single crowns on implants reported in longitudinal studies with a mean follow-up of 5 years.

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