31
views
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
0 collections
    0
    shares
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      Psychopathy: cognitive and neural dysfunction

      research-article
      , PhD *
      Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
      Les Laboratoires Servier
      psychopathy, amygdala, ventromedial frontal cortex, emotion

      Read this article at

      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Psychopathy is a developmental disorder marked by emotional deficits and an increased risk for antisocial behavior. It is not equivalent to the diagnosis Antisocial Personality Disorder, which concentrates only on the increased risk for antisocial behavior and not a specific cause—ie, the reduced empathy and guilt that constitutes the emotional deficit. The current review considers data from adults with psychopathy with respect to the main cognitive accounts of the disorder that stress either a primary attention deficit or a primary emotion deficit. In addition, the current review considers data regarding the neurobiology of this disorder. Dysfunction within the amygdala's role in reinforcement learning and the role of ventromedial frontal cortex in the representation of reinforcement value is stressed. Data is also presented indicating potential difficulties within parts of temporal and posterior cingulate cortex. Suggestions are made with respect to why these deficits lead to the development of the disorder.

          Translated abstract

          La psicopatía es un trastorno del desarrollo caracterizado por déficit emocionales y un riesgo aumentado de conductas antisociales, No es equivalente al diagnóstico de Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial, el cual se centra sólo en el riesgo aumentado de conducta antisocial y no en una causa específica, como por ejemplo la empatía reducida y la culpa que constituyen el déficit emocional. Esta revisión examina datos de adultos con psicopatía respecto a las principales consideraciones cognitivas del trastorno, poniendo énfasis en el déficit primario de atención o el déficit primario de las emociones. Además se incluyen datos sobre la neurobíología de este trastorno, Se destaca la disfunción del papel de la amígdala en el refuerzo del aprendizaje y el papel de la corteza frontal ventromedial en la representación del valor del refuerzo. También se presentan datos que señalan posibles dificultades en partes de la corteza cingulada temporal y posterior. Se plantean sugerencias acerca del por qué estos déficit llevan al desarrollo de este trastorno.

          Translated abstract

          La psychopathie est un trouble développemental marqué par des déficits émotionnels et un risque accru de comportement antisocial. Il est différent du Trouble de la Personnalité Antisociale, diagnostic qui repose sur le risque augmenté de comportement antisocial et non sur une étiologie spécifique, par exemple une empathie et une culpabilité diminuées qui constituent le déficit émotionnel. L'exposé présenté ici analyse les données issues d'adultes psychopathes concernant les principales perturbations cognitives de la maladie qui mettent en évidence soit un déficit primaire d'attention soit un déficit primaire d'émotion ; de plus, cette revue étudie les données neurobiologiques de ce trouble. La dysfonction du rôle de l'amygdale dans l'apprentissage du renforcement et du rôle du cortex frontal ventromédian dans la représentation du renforcement est soulignée. Des problèmes éventuels au niveau de certaines parties du cortex cingulaire temporal et postérieur sont aussi présentés. Des explications sont proposées pour expliquer comment ces déficits aboutissent au développement de la maladie.

          Related collections

          Most cited references82

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          The amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex in morality and psychopathy.

          R. Blair (2007)
          Recent work has implicated the amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex in morality and, when dysfunctional, psychopathy. This model proposes that the amygdala, through stimulus-reinforcement learning, enables the association of actions that harm others with the aversive reinforcement of the victims' distress. Consequent information on reinforcement expectancy, fed forward to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, can guide the healthy individual away from moral transgressions. In psychopathy, dysfunction in these structures means that care-based moral reasoning is compromised and the risk that antisocial behavior is used instrumentally to achieve goals is increased.
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            Deficient fear conditioning in psychopathy: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study.

            Psychopaths belong to a larger group of persons with antisocial personality disorder and are characterized by an inability to have emotional involvement and by the repeated violation of the rights of others. It was hypothesized that this behavior might be the consequence of deficient fear conditioning. To study the cerebral, peripheral, and subjective correlates of fear conditioning in criminal psychopaths and healthy control subjects. An aversive differential pavlovian delay conditioning paradigm with slides of neutral faces serving as conditioned and painful pressure as unconditioned stimuli. The Department of Medical Psychology at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. Ten male psychopaths as defined by the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised and 10 age- and education-matched healthy male controls. The psychopaths were criminal offenders on bail and waiting for their trial or were on parole. The healthy controls were recruited from the community. Brain activation based on functional magnetic resonance imaging, electrodermal responses, emotional valence, arousal, and contingency ratings. The healthy controls showed enhanced differential activation in the limbic-prefrontal circuit (amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, insula, and anterior cingulate) during the acquisition of fear and successful verbal and autonomic conditioning. The psychopaths displayed no significant activity in this circuit and failed to show conditioned skin conductance and emotional valence ratings, although contingency and arousal ratings were normal. This dissociation of emotional and cognitive processing may be the neural basis of the lack of anticipation of aversive events in criminal psychopaths.
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: not found
              • Article: not found

              Psychopathy and recidivism: A review

                Bookmark

                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Section of Affective Cognitive Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
                Journal
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
                Les Laboratoires Servier (France )
                1294-8322
                1958-5969
                June 2013
                June 2013
                : 15
                : 2
                : 181-190
                Affiliations
                Section of Affective Cognitive Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
                Author notes
                Article
                10.31887/DCNS.2013.15.2/rblair
                3811089
                24174892
                e240062b-2d6e-4d68-af00-3e7d297acbdb
                Copyright: © 2013 AICH

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Categories
                Clinical Research

                Neurosciences
                psychopathy,amygdala,ventromedial frontal cortex,emotion
                Neurosciences
                psychopathy, amygdala, ventromedial frontal cortex, emotion

                Comments

                Comment on this article