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      The role of CD36 in cardiovascular disease

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          Abstract

          CD36, also known as the scavenger receptor B2, is a multifunctional receptor widely expressed in various organs. CD36 plays a crucial role in the uptake of long-chain fatty acids, the main metabolic substrate in myocardial tissue. The maturation and transportation of CD36 is regulated by post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation, ubiquitination, glycosylation, and palmitoylation. CD36 is decreased in pathological cardiac hypertrophy caused by ischaemia–reperfusion and pressure overload, and increased in diabetic cardiomyopathy and atherosclerosis. Deficiency of CD36 alleviates diabetic cardiomyopathy and atherosclerosis, while overexpression of CD36 eliminates ischaemia–reperfusion damage, together suggesting that CD36 is closely associated with the progression of cardiovascular diseases and may be a new therapeutic target. This review summarizes the regulation and post-translational modifications of CD36 and evaluates its role in cardiovascular diseases and its potential as a therapeutic target.

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          Mortality, morbidity, and risk factors in China and its provinces, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

          Maigeng Zhou, Haidong Wang, Xinying Zeng … (2019)
          Summary Background Public health is a priority for the Chinese Government. Evidence-based decision making for health at the province level in China, which is home to a fifth of the global population, is of paramount importance. This analysis uses data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 to help inform decision making and monitor progress on health at the province level. Methods We used the methods in GBD 2017 to analyse health patterns in the 34 province-level administrative units in China from 1990 to 2017. We estimated all-cause and cause-specific mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), summary exposure values (SEVs), and attributable risk. We compared the observed results with expected values estimated based on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Findings Stroke and ischaemic heart disease were the leading causes of death and DALYs at the national level in China in 2017. Age-standardised DALYs per 100 000 population decreased by 33·1% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 29·8 to 37·4) for stroke and increased by 4·6% (–3·3 to 10·7) for ischaemic heart disease from 1990 to 2017. Age-standardised stroke, ischaemic heart disease, lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and liver cancer were the five leading causes of YLLs in 2017. Musculoskeletal disorders, mental health disorders, and sense organ diseases were the three leading causes of YLDs in 2017, and high systolic blood pressure, smoking, high-sodium diet, and ambient particulate matter pollution were among the leading four risk factors contributing to deaths and DALYs. All provinces had higher than expected DALYs per 100 000 population for liver cancer, with the observed to expected ratio ranging from 2·04 to 6·88. The all-cause age-standardised DALYs per 100 000 population were lower than expected in all provinces in 2017, and among the top 20 level 3 causes were lower than expected for ischaemic heart disease, Alzheimer's disease, headache disorder, and low back pain. The largest percentage change at the national level in age-standardised SEVs among the top ten leading risk factors was in high body-mass index (185%, 95% UI 113·1 to 247·7]), followed by ambient particulate matter pollution (88·5%, 66·4 to 116·4). Interpretation China has made substantial progress in reducing the burden of many diseases and disabilities. Strategies targeting chronic diseases, particularly in the elderly, should be prioritised in the expanding Chinese health-care system. Funding China National Key Research and Development Program and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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            Ubiquitination in disease pathogenesis and treatment.

            Doris Popovic, Domagoj Vucic, Ivan Dikic (2014)
            Ubiquitination is crucial for a plethora of physiological processes, including cell survival and differentiation and innate and adaptive immunity. In recent years, considerable progress has been made in the understanding of the molecular action of ubiquitin in signaling pathways and how alterations in the ubiquitin system lead to the development of distinct human diseases. Here we describe the role of ubiquitination in the onset and progression of cancer, metabolic syndromes, neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmunity, inflammatory disorders, infection and muscle dystrophies. Moreover, we indicate how current knowledge could be exploited for the development of new clinical therapies.
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              Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia in diabetic cardiomyopathy.

              Guanghong Jia, Vincent DeMarco, James Sowers (2016)
              Insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus and associated hyperinsulinaemia can promote the development of a specific form of cardiomyopathy that is independent of coronary artery disease and hypertension. Termed diabetic cardiomyopathy, this form of cardiomyopathy is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in developed nations, and the prevalence of this condition is rising in parallel with increases in the incidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Of note, female patients seem to be particularly susceptible to the development of this complication of metabolic disease. The diabetic cardiomyopathy observed in insulin- resistant or hyperinsulinaemic states is characterized by impaired myocardial insulin signalling, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, impaired calcium homeostasis, abnormal coronary microcirculation, activation of the sympathetic nervous system, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and maladaptive immune responses. These pathophysiological changes result in oxidative stress, fibrosis, hypertrophy, cardiac diastolic dysfunction and eventually systolic heart failure. This Review highlights a surge in diabetic cardiomyopathy research, summarizes current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning this condition and explores potential preventive and therapeutic strategies.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Cardiovasc Res
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Cardiovasc Res
                Journal ID (publisher-id): cardiovascres
                Title: Cardiovascular Research
                Publisher: Oxford University Press
                ISSN (Print): 0008-6363
                ISSN (Electronic): 1755-3245
                Publication date Collection: January 2022
                Publication date (Electronic): 03 November 2020
                Publication date PMC-release: 03 November 2020
                Volume: 118
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 115-129
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430000, China
                [2 ] Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanism of Cardiologic Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430000, China
                [3 ] Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430000, China
                Author notes
                Corresponding author. Tel: +86 13871 24 9571, E-mail: zhouning@ 123456tjh.tjmu.edu.cn
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0863-3091
                Article
                Publisher ID: cvaa319
                DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa319
                PMC ID: 8752351
                PubMed ID: 33210138
                SO-VID: e5bed333-6843-41c0-850b-77d92e192691
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology.
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com

                History
                Date received : 20 May 2020
                Date accepted : 29 October 2020
                Date: 21 October 2020
                Date: 19 November 2020
                Page count
                Pages: 15
                Funding
                Funded by: National Natural Science Foundation of China, DOI 10.13039/501100001809;
                Award ID: 81570261
                Award ID: 82070316
                Funded by: Cardiovascular Health Alliance of China-Advanced Fund;
                Award ID: 2019-CCA-ACCESS-059
                Categories
                Subject: Reviews
                Subject: AcademicSubjects/MED00200

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Cardiovascular Medicine
                Keywords: cd36,post-translational modification,diabetic cardiomyopathy,ischaemia–reperfusion, cardiac hypertrophy
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Cardiovascular Medicine
                Keywords: cd36, post-translational modification, diabetic cardiomyopathy, ischaemia–reperfusion, cardiac hypertrophy

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