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      Active digital spoof plasmonics

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          Abstract

          Digital coding and digital modulation are the foundation of modern information science. The combination of digital technology with metamaterials provides a powerful scheme for spatial and temporal controls of electromagnetic waves. Such a technique, however, has thus far been limited to the control of free-space light. Its application to plasmonics to shape subwavelength fields still remains elusive. Here, we report the design and experimental realization of a tunable conformal plasmonic metasurface, which is capable of digitally coding and modulating designer surface plasmons at the deep-subwavelength scale. Based on dynamical switching between two discrete dispersion states in a controlled manner, we achieve digital modulations of both amplitude and phase of surface waves with nearly 100% modulation depth on a single device. Our study not only introduces a new approach for active dispersion engineering, but also constitutes an important step towards the realization of subwavelength integrated plasmonic circuits.

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          Most cited references40

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          Metamaterials and negative refractive index.

          Recently, artificially constructed metamaterials have become of considerable interest, because these materials can exhibit electromagnetic characteristics unlike those of any conventional materials. Artificial magnetism and negative refractive index are two specific types of behavior that have been demonstrated over the past few years, illustrating the new physics and new applications possible when we expand our view as to what constitutes a material. In this review, we describe recent advances in metamaterials research and discuss the potential that these materials may hold for realizing new and seemingly exotic electromagnetic phenomena.
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            Flat optics with designer metasurfaces.

            Conventional optical components such as lenses, waveplates and holograms rely on light propagation over distances much larger than the wavelength to shape wavefronts. In this way substantial changes of the amplitude, phase or polarization of light waves are gradually accumulated along the optical path. This Review focuses on recent developments on flat, ultrathin optical components dubbed 'metasurfaces' that produce abrupt changes over the scale of the free-space wavelength in the phase, amplitude and/or polarization of a light beam. Metasurfaces are generally created by assembling arrays of miniature, anisotropic light scatterers (that is, resonators such as optical antennas). The spacing between antennas and their dimensions are much smaller than the wavelength. As a result the metasurfaces, on account of Huygens principle, are able to mould optical wavefronts into arbitrary shapes with subwavelength resolution by introducing spatial variations in the optical response of the light scatterers. Such gradient metasurfaces go beyond the well-established technology of frequency selective surfaces made of periodic structures and are extending to new spectral regions the functionalities of conventional microwave and millimetre-wave transmit-arrays and reflect-arrays. Metasurfaces can also be created by using ultrathin films of materials with large optical losses. By using the controllable abrupt phase shifts associated with reflection or transmission of light waves at the interface between lossy materials, such metasurfaces operate like optically thin cavities that strongly modify the light spectrum. Technology opportunities in various spectral regions and their potential advantages in replacing existing optical components are discussed.
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              From metamaterials to metadevices.

              Metamaterials, artificial electromagnetic media that are structured on the subwavelength scale, were initially suggested for the negative-index 'superlens'. Later metamaterials became a paradigm for engineering electromagnetic space and controlling propagation of waves: the field of transformation optics was born. The research agenda is now shifting towards achieving tunable, switchable, nonlinear and sensing functionalities. It is therefore timely to discuss the emerging field of metadevices where we define the devices as having unique and useful functionalities that are realized by structuring of functional matter on the subwavelength scale. In this Review we summarize research on photonic, terahertz and microwave electromagnetic metamaterials and metadevices with functionalities attained through the exploitation of phase-change media, semiconductors, graphene, carbon nanotubes and liquid crystals. The Review also encompasses microelectromechanical metadevices, metadevices engaging the nonlinear and quantum response of superconductors, electrostatic and optomechanical forces and nonlinear metadevices incorporating lumped nonlinear components.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Natl Sci Rev
                Natl Sci Rev
                nsr
                National Science Review
                Oxford University Press
                2095-5138
                2053-714X
                February 2020
                04 October 2019
                04 October 2019
                : 7
                : 2
                : 261-269
                Affiliations
                [1 ] State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, China
                [2 ] The Photonics Institute and Centre for Optoelectronics and Biophotonics, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 639798, Singapore
                Author notes
                Corresponding author. E-mail: tjcui@ 123456seu.edu.cn
                Corresponding author. E-mail: luoyu@ 123456ntu.edu.sg

                Equally contributed to this work.

                Article
                nwz148
                10.1093/nsr/nwz148
                8288847
                e6a06faf-397a-4449-94d2-c8bc064b8cf5
                © The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of China Science Publishing & Media Ltd.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 18 June 2019
                : 18 August 2019
                : 09 September 2019
                Page count
                Pages: 9
                Funding
                Funded by: National Natural Science Foundation of China, DOI 10.13039/501100001809;
                Award ID: 61871127
                Award ID: 61631007
                Award ID: 61571117
                Award ID: 61501112
                Award ID: 61501117
                Award ID: 61522106
                Award ID: 61731010
                Award ID: 61735010
                Award ID: 61722106
                Award ID: 61701107
                Award ID: 61701108
                Award ID: 61701246
                Funded by: National Key Research & Development Program of China, DOI 10.13039/501100012166;
                Award ID: 2017YFA0700200
                Award ID: 2017YFA0700201
                Funded by: Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, DOI 10.13039/501100012226;
                Award ID: 22442018R30001
                Funded by: Overseas Expertise Introduction Project for Discipline Innovation, DOI 10.13039/501100013313;
                Award ID: 111–2-05
                Funded by: Singapore Ministry of Education Academic Research Fund TIER;
                Award ID: 2017-T1–001-239
                Funded by: A*Star AME programmatic;
                Award ID: A18A7b0058
                Categories
                Research Article
                Physics
                AcademicSubjects/MED00010
                AcademicSubjects/SCI00010

                digital coding,digital modulation,plasmonics,digital metamaterials

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