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Fasting insulin and outcome in early-stage breast cancer: results of a prospective cohort study.
Pamela J Goodwin
1 ,
Marguerite Ennis ,
Kathleen I Pritchard ,
Maureen E Trudeau ,
Jarley Koo ,
Yolanda Madarnas ,
Warren Hartwick ,
Barry Hoffman ,
Nicky Hood
Jan 01 2002
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Abstract
Insulin, a member of a family of growth factors that includes insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-II, exerts mitogenic effects on normal and malignant breast epithelial cells, acting via insulin and IGF-I receptors. Because of this and because of its recognized association with obesity, an adverse prognostic factor in breast cancer, we examined the prognostic associations of insulin in early-stage breast cancer.