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      Physical activity and brain plasticity in late adulthood

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          Abstract

          The human brain shrinks with advancing age, but recent research suggests that it is also capable of remarkable plasticity, even in late life. In this review we summarize the research linking greater amounts of physical activity to less cortical atrophy, better brain function, and enhanced cognitive function, and argue that physical activity takes advantage of the brain's natural capacity for plasticity. Further, although the effects of physical activity on the brain are relatively widespread, there is also some specificity, such that prefrontal and hippocampal areas appear to be more influenced than other areas of the brain. The specificity of these effects, we argue, provides a biological basis for understanding the capacity for physical activity to influence neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression. We conclude that physical activity is a promising intervention that can influence the endogenous pharmacology of the brain to enhance cognitive and emotional function in late adulthood.

          Translated abstract

          Si bien el cerebro humano se reduce a medida que avanza la edad, la investigación reciente sugiere que también es capaz de una extraordinaria plasticidad, incluso hacia el final de la vida. En esta revisión se resume la investigación que relaciona una gran cantidad de actividad física con una menor atrofia cortical, una mejor función cerebral y un refuerzo de la función cognitiva, y se argumenta que la actividad física hace uso de la capacidad natural del cerebro para la plasticidad. Además, aunque los efectos de la actividad física en el cerebro son relativamente generalizados, también hay alguna especificidad, de tal modo que las áreas prefrontal e hipocámpica parecen estar más influenciadas que otras áreas cerebrales. Se argumenta que la especificidad de estos efectos proporciona las bases biológicas para comprender la capacidad de la actividad física para influenciar los trastornos neurocognitivos y neuropsiquiátricos como la depresión. Se concluye que la actividad física es una intervención prometedora que puede influir en la farmacología endógena del cerebro para reforzar las funciones cognitivas y emocionales en la adultez avanzada.

          Translated abstract

          Le cerveau humain se rétracte avec l'âge mais est aussi doté d'une plasticité remarquable, même à un âge avancé comme le montrent des études récentes. Nous résumons dans cet article les données de la recherche associant une activité physique plus importante à une moindre atrophie corticale, à un meilleur fonctionnement cérébral, et à des fonctions cognitives améliorées. Nous discutons du fait que l'activité physique bénéficie de l'aptitude naturelle du cerveau à la plasticité. De plus, bien que les effets d'une activité physique sur le cerveau soient assez généralisés, il existe certains effets specifiques comme ceux sur l'hippocampe et le cortex préfrontal qui semblent plus influencés que les autres aires cérébrales. Nous pensons que ces effets spécifiques fournissent une base biologique à la comprehension de l'influence exercée par l'activité physique sur les troubles neurocognitifs et neuropsychiatriques comme la dépression. Cette activité physique semble donc prometteuse en termes d'action sur la pharmacologie endogène du cerveau pour améliorer les fonctions émotionnelles et cognitives chez les personnes âgées.

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          Most cited references51

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          Cardiovascular fitness, cortical plasticity, and aging.

          Cardiovascular fitness is thought to offset declines in cognitive performance, but little is known about the cortical mechanisms that underlie these changes in humans. Research using animal models shows that aerobic training increases cortical capillary supplies, the number of synaptic connections, and the development of new neurons. The end result is a brain that is more efficient, plastic, and adaptive, which translates into better performance in aging animals. Here, in two separate experiments, we demonstrate for the first time to our knowledge, in humans that increases in cardiovascular fitness results in increased functioning of key aspects of the attentional network of the brain during a cognitively challenging task. Specifically, highly fit (Study 1) or aerobically trained (Study 2) persons show greater task-related activity in regions of the prefrontal and parietal cortices that are involved in spatial selection and inhibitory functioning, when compared with low-fit (Study 1) or nonaerobic control (Study 2) participants. Additionally, in both studies there exist groupwise differences in activation of the anterior cingulate cortex, which is thought to monitor for conflict in the attentional system, and signal the need for adaptation in the attentional network. These data suggest that increased cardiovascular fitness can affect improvements in the plasticity of the aging human brain, and may serve to reduce both biological and cognitive senescence in humans.
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            Physical fitness and all-cause mortality. A prospective study of healthy men and women.

            We studied physical fitness and risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality in 10,224 men and 3120 women who were given a preventive medical examination. Physical fitness was measured by a maximal treadmill exercise test. Average follow-up was slightly more than 8 years, for a total of 110,482 person-years of observation. There were 240 deaths in men and 43 deaths in women. Age-adjusted all-cause mortality rates declined across physical fitness quintiles from 64.0 per 10,000 person-years in the least-fit men to 18.6 per 10,000 person-years in the most-fit men (slope, -4.5). Corresponding values for women were 39.5 per 10,000 person-years to 8.5 per 10,000 person-years (slope, -5.5). These trends remained after statistical adjustment for age, smoking habit, cholesterol level, systolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose level, parental history of coronary heart disease, and follow-up interval. Lower mortality rates in higher fitness categories also were seen for cardiovascular disease and cancer of combined sites. Attributable risk estimates for all-cause mortality indicated that low physical fitness was an important risk factor in both men and women. Higher levels of physical fitness appear to delay all-cause mortality primarily due to lowered rates of cardiovascular disease and cancer.
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              Aerobic fitness is associated with hippocampal volume in elderly humans.

              Deterioration of the hippocampus occurs in elderly individuals with and without dementia, yet individual variation exists in the degree and rate of hippocampal decay. Determining the factors that influence individual variation in the magnitude and rate of hippocampal decay may help promote lifestyle changes that prevent such deterioration from taking place. Aerobic fitness and exercise are effective at preventing cortical decay and cognitive impairment in older adults and epidemiological studies suggest that physical activity can reduce the risk for developing dementia. However, the relationship between aerobic fitness and hippocampal volume in elderly humans is unknown. In this study, we investigated whether individuals with higher levels of aerobic fitness displayed greater volume of the hippocampus and better spatial memory performance than individuals with lower fitness levels. Furthermore, in exploratory analyses, we assessed whether hippocampal volume mediated the relationship between fitness and spatial memory. Using a region-of-interest analysis on magnetic resonance images in 165 nondemented older adults, we found a triple association such that higher fitness levels were associated with larger left and right hippocampi after controlling for age, sex, and years of education, and larger hippocampi and higher fitness levels were correlated with better spatial memory performance. Furthermore, we demonstrated that hippocampal volume partially mediated the relationship between higher fitness levels and enhanced spatial memory. Our results clearly indicate that higher levels of aerobic fitness are associated with increased hippocampal volume in older humans, which translates to better memory function. Copyright 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
                Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
                Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
                Journal
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
                Les Laboratoires Servier (France )
                1294-8322
                1958-5969
                March 2013
                March 2013
                : 15
                : 1
                : 99-108
                Affiliations
                Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
                Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
                Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
                Author notes
                Article
                10.31887/DCNS.2013.15.1/kerickson
                3622473
                23576893
                e6fe7801-fa72-4942-ad97-7fe46964711c
                Copyright: © 2013 LLS

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Categories
                Treatment Research

                Neurosciences
                aging,physical activity,exercise,brain,plasticity,neuroplasticity
                Neurosciences
                aging, physical activity, exercise, brain, plasticity, neuroplasticity

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