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      Estudio comparativo biomecánico experimental de placas de compresión bloqueadas en fracturas diafisarias Translated title: Comparative esperimental biomechanical study of locked compression plate in diaphyseal fractures

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          Abstract

          Objetivos: Evaluar biomecánicamente los implantes bloqueados de compresión en fracturas diafisarias de los huesos largos, mediante diferentes tornillos y distintas combinaciones y distribuciones. Materiales y métodos: Se utilizaron 65 tibias cadavéricas de ternero, divididas en 13 grupos de cinco huesos cada uno; se evaluaron diferentes construcciones con placas bloqueadas de compresión de 10 orificios. En seis grupos se trabajó sobre hueso normal; en tres grupos sólo se utilizaron tornillos bloqueados, en diferente ubicación y cantidad; en dos grupos se usaron tornillos convencionales de compresión, en diferente orientación y, por último, en un grupo se combinaron ambas técnicas, compresiva y bloqueada (híbrida). En seis grupos se simuló hueso osteoporótico. En un grupo, se utilizaron tornillos con mayor alma y menor rosca. Se evaluaron la estabilidad, la rigidez y la resistencia contra una fuerza de flexión, progresiva y continua (DecaNewton) midiendo la elasticidad (mm) de cada muestra hasta el momento de la falla. Resultados: Sobre hueso normal el grupo con mayor elasticidad fue el de implantes con tornillos bloqueados con tres tornillos (19,3 mm). El grupo con mayor resistencia a la carga de flexión fue el de placas compresivas con sus tornillos colocados en forma divergente (788 Kn). En los huesos simulando osteoporosis no se encontró diferencia entre los grupos. Conclusiones: La orientación de los tornillos en forma divergente aumenta significativamente la resistencia del implante. La omisión de dos o tres orificios a ambos lados de la fractura aumenta en forma significativa la elasticidad de la construcción cuando se utilizan placas bloqueadas.

          Translated abstract

          Background: To evaluate the biomechanics of locked compression plates in long bone diaphyseal fractures using different screws in different combinations and distributions. Methods: We used 65 cadaveric tibias of calves, divided in 13 groups of 5 bones each. We evaluated different constructs with 10-hole LCP. In 6 groups we worked on normal bone; in 3 we used only locking screws in different locations and quantity; in 2 groups only conventional compression screws were used, in different orientations, and in the last group we combined compression and locking techniques (hybrid). In another 6 groups we simulated osteoporotic bone. In one group we used screws with a big core and a small thread.We evaluated stability, rigidity and, progressive and continuous bending strength (DecaNewton) and measured the elasticity (mm) of each construction to failure. Results: In normal bone, the group with the greater elasticity was the construct with 3 locked screws (19.3 mm.). The group with the greater bending strength was LCP with compression screws in divergent orientations (788 kN.). In simulated osteoporotic bone, no difference was found between the groups. Conclusions: Divergent orientation of the screws increases significantly the construct strength. Skipping two or three holes on both sides of the fracture increases significantly the elasticity of the construct, when locked plates are used.

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          Most cited references42

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          Biomechanics of locked plates and screws.

          To review the biomechanical principles that guide fracture fixation with plates and screws; specifically to compare and contrast the function and roles of conventional unlocked plates to locked plates in fracture fixation. We review basic plate and screw function, discuss the design rationale for the new implants, and examine the biomechanical evidence that supports the use of such implants. Systematic review of the per reviewed English language orthopaedic literature listed on PubMed (National Library of Medicine online service). Papers selected for this review were drawn from peer review orthopaedic journals. All selected papers specifically discussed plate and screw biomechanics with regard to fracture fixation. PubMed search terms were: plates and screws, biomechanics, locked plates, PC-Fix, LISS, LCP, MIPO, and fracture fixation. The following topics are discussed: plate and screw function-neutralization plates and buttress plates, bridge plates; fracture stability-specifically how this effects gap strain and fracture union, conventional plate biomechanics, and locking plate biomechanics. Locked plates and conventional plates rely on completely different mechanical principles to provide fracture fixation and in so doing they provide different biological environments for healing. Locked plates may increasingly be indicated for indirect fracture reduction, diaphyseal/metaphyseal fractures in osteoporotic bone, bridging severely comminuted fractures, and the plating of fractures where anatomical constraints prevent plating on the tension side of the bone. Conventional plates may continue to be the fixation method of choice for periarticular fractures which demand perfect anatomical reduction and to certain types of nonunions which require increased stability for union.
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            Biomechanical testing of the LCP--how can stability in locked internal fixators be controlled?

            New plating techniques, such as non-contact plates, have been introduced in acknowledgment of the importance of biological factors in internal fixation. Knowledge of the fixation stability provided by these new plates is very limited and clarification is still necessary to determine how the mechanical stability, e.g. fracture motion, and the risk of implant failure can best be controlled. The results of a study based on in vitro experiments with composite bone cylinders and finite element analysis using the Locking Compression Plate (LCP) for diaphyseal fractures are presented and recommendations for clinical practice are given. Several factors were shown to influence stability both in compression and torsion. Axial stiffness and torsional rigidity was mainly influenced by the working length, e.g. the distance of the first screw to the fracture site. By omitting one screw hole on either side of the fracture, the construct became almost twice as flexible in both compression and torsion. The number of screws also significantly affected the stability, however, more than three screws per fragment did little to increase axial stiffness; nor did four screws increase torsional rigidity. The position of the third screw in the fragment significantly affected axial stiffness, but not torsional rigidity. The closer an additional screw is positioned towards the fracture gap, the stiffer the construct becomes under compression. The rigidity under torsional load was determined by the number of screws only. Another factor affecting construct stability was the distance of the plate to the bone. Increasing this distance resulted in decreased construct stability. Finally, a shorter plate with an equal number of screws caused a reduction in axial stiffness but not in torsional rigidity. Static compression tests showed that increasing the working length, e.g. omitting the screws immediately adjacent to the fracture on both sides, significantly diminished the load causing plastic deformation of the plate. If bone contact was not present at the fracture site due to comminution, a greater working length also led to earlier failure in dynamic loading tests. For simple fractures with a small fracture gap and bone contact under dynamic load, the number of cycles until failure was greater than one million for all tested constructs. Plate failures invariably occurred through the DCP hole where the highest von Mises stresses were found in the finite element analysis (FEA). This stress was reduced in constructions with bone contact by increasing the bridging length. On the other hand, additional screws increased the implant stress since higher loads were needed to achieve bone contact. Based on the present results, the following clinical recommendations can be made for the locked internal fixator in bridging technique as part of a minimally invasive percutaneous osteosynthesis (MIPO): for fractures of the lower extremity, two or three screws on either side of the fracture should be sufficient. For fractures of the humerus or forearm, three to four screws on either side should be used as rotational forces predominate in these bones. In simple fractures with a small interfragmentary gap, one or two holes should be omitted on each side of the fracture to initiate spontaneous fracture healing, including the generation of callus formations. In fractures with a large fracture gap such as comminuted fractures, we advise placement of the innermost screws as close as practicable to the fracture. Furthermore, the distance between the plate and the bone ought to be kept small and long plates should be used to provide sufficient axial stiffness.
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              Guidelines for the clinical application of the LCP.

              The Locking Compression Plate (LCP), in combination with the LISS and the PHILOS, is part of a new plate generation requiring an adapted surgical technique and new thinking about commonly used concepts of internal fixation using plates. The following guidelines are needed to avoid failures and possible complications in the hands of surgeons not yet confident with the new implant philosophy. The importance of the reduction technique and minimal-invasive plate insertion and fixation is addressed to keep bone viability undisturbed. Understanding of mechanical background for choosing the proper implant length and the type and number of screws is essential to obtain a sound fixation with a high plate span ratio and a low plate screw density. A high plate span ration decreases the load onto the plate. A high working length of the plate in turn reduces the screw loading, thus fewer screws need to be inserted and the plate screw density can be kept low. Knowledge of the working length of the screw is helpful for the proper choice of monocortical or bicortical screws. Selection is done according to the quality of the bone structure and is important to avoid problems at the screw thread bone interface with potential pullout of screws and secondary displacement. Conclusive rules are given at the end of this chapter.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                raaot
                Revista de la Asociación Argentina de Ortopedia y Traumatología
                Rev. Asoc. Argent. Ortop. Traumatol.
                Asociación Argentina de Ortopedia y Traumatología (Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, , Argentina )
                1852-7434
                June 2009
                : 74
                : 2
                : 152-166
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnameSantatorio Allende orgdiv1Servicio de Ortopedia y Traumatología
                Article
                S1852-74342009000200009 S1852-7434(09)07400200009
                e703d9e8-68b3-41fc-b79b-d1ddf048d0e5

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 09 June 2009
                : 09 December 2008
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 42, Pages: 15
                Product

                SciELO Argentina

                Categories
                Investigaciones

                Placas bloqueadas de compresión,Fractura diafisaria,Biomecánica,Diaphyseal fractures,Biomechanical,Locked compression plates

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