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      Prevalence of Central Obesity among Adults with Normal BMI and Its Association with Metabolic Diseases in Northeast China

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          Abstract

          Objectives

          The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of central obesity among adults with normal BMI and its association with metabolic diseases in Jilin Province, China.

          Methods

          A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted in 2012 in Jilin Province of China. Information was collected by face to face interview. Descriptive data analysis and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of prevalence/frequency were conducted. Log-binomial regression analyses were used to find the independent factors associated with central obesity and to explore the adjusted association between central obesity and metabolic diseases among adults with normal BMI.

          Results

          Among the adult residents with normal BMI in Jilin Province, 55.6% of participants with central obesity self-assessed as normal weight and 27.0% thought their body weight were above normal. 12.7% of central obesity people took methods to lose weight, while 85.3% didn’t. Female, older people and non-manual worker had higher risk to be central obesity among adults with normal BMI. Hypertension, diabetes and hyperlipidemia were significantly associated with central obesity among adults with normal BMI, the PRs were 1.337 (1.224–1.461), 1.323 (1.193–1.456) and 1.261 (1.152–1.381) separately when adjusted for gender, age and BMI.

          Conclusions

          Hypertension, diabetes and hyperlipidemia were significantly associated with central obesity among adults with normal BMI in Jilin Province, China. The low rates of awareness and control of central obesity among adults with normal BMI should be improved by government and health department.

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          Sexual dimorphism of age-related changes in whole-body fat distribution in the obese.

          K Kotani, S. Yoshida, S Tarui … (1994)
          We performed a cross-sectional study using whole-body computerized tomographic (CT) scans in order to clarify age-related changes in whole-body fat distribution in both genders. The subjects were 66 men and 96 women, whose body mass index (BMI) was over 25 kg/m2. CT scans were performed at seven levels (head, fore-arms, upper arms, chest, abdomen, thighs and calves), and the fat volumes of the segments were calculated from the cross-sectional areas of the fat tissues. After calibrating to the total fat volumes, the relationship between age and the relative segmental fat volumes was analysed. In both genders, the relative intra-abdominal visceral fat volume increased and that of the legs decreased with age. The relative abdominal subcutaneous fat volume decreased with age only in male subjects. The increase in the relative visceral fat volume with age was about 2.6 times larger in males than in pre-menopausal females, while post-menopausal females showed the same increase as male subjects. These data suggest that there is a definite gender difference in the age-related changes in whole-body fat distribution, especially in the abdominal fat tissues. In addition, the accumulation of visceral fat is markedly accelerated by menopause in women.
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            Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Dyslipidemia in Chongqing, China

            Li Qi, Xianbin Ding, Wenge Tang … (2015)
            The increasing prevalence of dyslipidemia has become a worldwide public health problem, and the prevalence varies widely according to socioeconomic, cultural and ethnic characteristics. Chongqing has experienced rapid economic development and is now the economic center of Southwestern China. There are scant data on serum lipid profile of residents in Chongqing, the largest municipality directly under the Central Government in China. We conducted a cross-sectional study in a representative sample of 5375 residents of Chongqing, aged ≥18 years, and estimated the prevalence of dyslipidemia and its associated risk factors. According to the National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III criteria, the age-standardized prevalence of dyslipidemia was 35.5% (34.4% among men and 37.6% among women). Among the 2009 patients with dyslipidemia, 44.2% had isolated hypertriglyceridemia, 14.7% had isolated hypercholesterolemia, 13.2% had mixed hyperlipidemia, and 28.0% had isolated low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The peak prevalence of dyslipidemia in men was between 30 and 39 years (48.2%), and then declined gradually; in women, the prevalence of dyslipidemia increased with age, with the peak prevalence occurring after age 60 (46.3%). Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that dyslipidemia was associated with age, education level, physical activity, obesity and central obesity for both men and women. In conclusion, the results indicated dyslipidemia, particularly hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, are very common in Chongqing. To prevent dyslipidemia, it is essential to conduct appropriate intervention programs aimed at risk factor reduction and implement routine screening programs for blood lipid levels in Chongqing, China.
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              Awareness, Treatment, Control of Diabetes Mellitus and the Risk Factors: Survey Results from Northeast China

              Chang Tsai-Wang, Yaqin Yu, Xiangyang Zhang … (2014)
              Background The awareness, treatment and control of diabetes mellitus (DM) can effectively reflect on the social status of diabetes conditions. Although several researchers have investigated the awareness, treatment and control rates of diabetes mellitus in China, little is known about their association with risk factors. This study aims to examine the relationship between risk factors and awareness, treatment and control of diabetes mellitus in northeast China. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2012. Multistage stratified random cluster sampling design was used to select participants aged 18 to 79 years old. The analysis was based on a representative sample of 1,854 adult subjects. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to examine socio-demographic factors associated with the levels of awareness, treatment and control of diabetes mellitus. Results The awareness, treatment, and control rates of diabetes mellitus were 64.1%, 52.9% and 44.2%, respectively. In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, family history of diabetes was significantly positively associated with awareness (OR, 2.145; 95% CI, 1.600–2.875) and treatment (OR, 2.021; 95% CI, 1.559–2.619) of diabetes mellitus, while negatively associated with control (OR, 0.671; 95% CI, 0.529–0.951). Cigarette smokers and alcohol drinkers were less likely than non-smokers and non-drinkers to be aware of their blood glucose levels (OR, 0.895, 0.614; 95% CI, 0.659–1.216, 0.446–0.844, respectively). Participants who frequently exercise were more likely to be aware of their diabetic conditions than people who never or rarely exercise (OR, 2.003; 95% CI, 1.513–2.651). Conclusions We found that the awareness and treatment of diabetes mellitus were positively associated with age and were high in participants with a family history of diabetes and those who exercise frequently, but low for cigarette smokers and alcohol drinkers. Participants with a family history of diabetes had their diabetic condition poorly controlled.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Pratibha V. Nerurkar: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date (Electronic): 28 July 2016
                Publication date Collection: 2016
                Volume: 11
                Issue: 7
                Electronic Location Identifier: e0160402
                Affiliations
                [001]Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jilin University School of Public Health, Changchun, Jilin, China
                College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Conceived and designed the experiments: BL PZ. Performed the experiments: BL RW PZ. Analyzed the data: PZ RW. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: XL YS LJ CG. Wrote the paper: PZ RW.

                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-16-10153
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160402
                PMC ID: 4965061
                PubMed ID: 27467819
                SO-VID: e74be490-ee2f-483e-a6ec-566ef3bb14d0
                Copyright © © 2016 Zhang et al
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 10 March 2016
                Date accepted : 19 July 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 5, Pages: 10
                Funding
                Funded by: The Scientific Research Foundation of the Health Bureau of Jilin Province, China
                Award ID: 2011Z116
                Award Recipient :
                This study was supported by a competitive grant from the Scientific Research Foundation of the Health Bureau of Jilin Province, China (Grant Number:2011Z116, http://wsjsw.jl.gov.cn/). B.L received the funding. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Physiology
                Subject: Physiological Parameters
                Subject: Body Weight
                Subject: Obesity
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Physiology
                Subject: Physiological Parameters
                Subject: Body Weight
                Subject: Obesity
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Physiology
                Subject: Physiological Parameters
                Subject: Body Weight
                Subject: Body Mass Index
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Physiology
                Subject: Physiological Parameters
                Subject: Body Weight
                Subject: Body Mass Index
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Metabolic Disorders
                Subject: People and Places
                Subject: Geographical Locations
                Subject: Asia
                Subject: China
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Sociology
                Subject: Education
                Subject: Schools
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Endocrinology
                Subject: Endocrine Disorders
                Subject: Diabetes Mellitus
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Metabolic Disorders
                Subject: Diabetes Mellitus
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Vascular Medicine
                Subject: Blood Pressure
                Subject: Hypertension
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Diagnostic Medicine
                Subject: Signs and Symptoms
                Subject: Hyperlipidemia
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
                Subject: Signs and Symptoms
                Subject: Hyperlipidemia
                Custom metadata
                Data Availability All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

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