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      A percepção do cumprimento das leis antifumo em bares e restaurantes em três cidades brasileiras: dados do ITC-Brasil Translated title: Perceived enforcement of anti-smoking laws in bars and restaurants of three Brazilian cities: data from the ITC-Brazil survey Translated title: La percepción del cumplimiento de las leyes antitabaco en bares y restaurantes en tres ciudades brasileñas: datos del ITC-Brasil

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          Abstract

          Resumo: O tabagismo passivo causa sérios e mortais efeitos à saúde. Desde 1996, o Brasil vem avançando na implementação da legislação antifumo em locais públicos fechados. Este artigo busca avaliar a percepção do cumprimento da legislação antifumo nas cidades de Porto Alegre (Rio Grande do Sul), Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo, com base nos resultados da pesquisa ITC-Brasil (International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project). Os resultados desta pesquisa mostraram uma redução significativa da proporção de pessoas que notaram indivíduos fumando em restaurantes e bares entre 2009 e 2013 nas três cidades pesquisadas. Paralelamente, houve um aumento da proporção de fumantes que referiram ter fumado na área externa desses estabelecimentos. Tais resultados provavelmente refletem uma implementação exitosa das leis antifumo. Vale ressaltar que ao diminuir a exposição ao fumo passivo, aumentamos ainda mais a desnormalização do tabagismo na população em geral, podendo assim diminuir sua iniciação e aumentar a cessação de fumar.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract: Passive smoking causes severe and lethal effects on health. Since 1996 Brazil has been moving forward in the implementation of anti-smoking legislation in enclosed public spaces. This article aims to evaluate the perceived enforcement of anti-smoking legislation in the cities of Porto Alegre (Rio Grande do Sul State), Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, Brazil, based on the results of the ITC-Brazil Survey (International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project). The results of the survey showed a significant reduction in the proportion of people who saw individuals smoking in restaurants and bars between 2009 and 2013 in the three cities surveyed. Concurrently there was an increase in the proportion of smokers who mentioned having smoked in the outer areas of these facilities. These results likely reflect a successful implementation of anti-smoking laws. Of note is the fact that by decreasing passive smoking we further enhance smoking denormalization among the general population, decreasing smoking initiation and increasing its cessation.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen: El tabaquismo pasivo causa serios y mortales efectos para la salud. Desde 1996, Brasil ha avanzado en la implementación de la legislación antitabaco en locales públicos cerrados. Este artículo busca evaluar la percepción del cumplimiento de la legislación antitabaco en las ciudades de Porto Alegre (Rio Grande do Sul), Río de Janeiro y São Paulo, Brasil, en base a los resultados de la investigación ITC-Brasil (International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project). Los resultados de esta investigación mostraron una reducción significativa de la proporción de personas que notaron individuos fumando en restaurantes y bares entre 2009 y 2013 en las tres ciudades investigadas. Paralelamente, hubo un aumento de la proporción de fumadores que informaron haber fumado en el área externa de esos establecimientos. Tales resultados probablemente reflejan una implementación exitosa de las leyes antitabaco. Vale resaltar que al disminuir la exposición al humo pasivo, aumentamos incluso más la desnormalización del tabaquismo en la población en general, pudiendo así disminuir su iniciación y aumentar el abandono del tabaco.

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          Most cited references37

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          Smoke-free legislation and hospitalizations for acute coronary syndrome.

          Previous studies have suggested a reduction in the total number of hospital admissions for acute coronary syndrome after the enactment of legislation banning smoking in public places. However, it is unknown whether the reduction in admissions involved nonsmokers, smokers, or both. Since the end of March 2006, smoking has been prohibited by law in all enclosed public places throughout Scotland. We collected information prospectively on smoking status and exposure to secondhand smoke based on questionnaires and biochemical findings from all patients admitted with acute coronary syndrome to nine Scottish hospitals during the 10-month period preceding the passage of the legislation and during the same period the next year. These hospitals accounted for 64% of admissions for acute coronary syndrome in Scotland, which has a population of 5.1 million. Overall, the number of admissions for acute coronary syndrome decreased from 3235 to 2684--a 17% reduction (95% confidence interval, 16 to 18)--as compared with a 4% reduction in England (which has no such legislation) during the same period and a mean annual decrease of 3% (maximum decrease, 9%) in Scotland during the decade preceding the study. The reduction in the number of admissions was not due to an increase in the number of deaths of patients with acute coronary syndrome who were not admitted to the hospital; this latter number decreased by 6%. There was a 14% reduction in the number of admissions for acute coronary syndrome among smokers, a 19% reduction among former smokers, and a 21% reduction among persons who had never smoked. Persons who had never smoked reported a decrease in the weekly duration of exposure to secondhand smoke (P<0.001 by the chi-square test for trend) that was confirmed by a decrease in their geometric mean concentration of serum cotinine from 0.68 to 0.56 ng per milliliter (P<0.001 by the t-test). The number of admissions for acute coronary syndrome decreased after the implementation of smoke-free legislation. A total of 67% of the decrease involved nonsmokers. However, fewer admissions among smokers also contributed to the overall reduction. 2008 Massachusetts Medical Society
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            Passive smoking and heart disease. Epidemiology, physiology, and biochemistry

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              The conceptual framework of the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Policy Evaluation Project.

              This paper describes the conceptual model that underlies the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project (ITC Project), whose mission is to measure the psychosocial and behavioural impact of key policies of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) among adult smokers, and in some countries, among adult non-smokers and among youth. The evaluation framework utilises multiple country controls, a longitudinal design, and a pre-specified, theory-driven conceptual model to test hypotheses about the anticipated effects of specific policies. The ITC Project consists of parallel prospective cohort surveys of representative samples of adult smokers currently in nine countries (inhabited by over 45% of the world's smokers), with other countries being added in the future. Collectively, the ITC Surveys constitute the first-ever international cohort study of tobacco use. The conceptual model of the ITC Project draws on the psychosocial and health communication literature and assumes that tobacco control policies influence tobacco related behaviours through a causal chain of psychological events, with some variables more closely related to the policy itself (policy-specific variables) and other variables that are more downstream from the policy, which have been identified by health behaviour and social psychological theories as being important causal precursors of behaviour (psychosocial mediators). We discuss the objectives of the ITC Project and its potential for building the evidence base for the FCTC.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                csp
                Cadernos de Saúde Pública
                Cad. Saúde Pública
                Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil )
                0102-311X
                1678-4464
                2017
                : 33
                : 11
                : e00140315
                Affiliations
                [2] Ontario Ontario orgnameUniversity of Waterloo Canada
                [1] Rio de Janeiro orgnameInstituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva Brasil
                Article
                S0102-311X2017001105002 S0102-311X(17)03300005002
                10.1590/0102-311x00140315
                e78dda24-43ce-45f4-a39b-02747cc21049

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 28 August 2015
                : 28 June 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 37, Pages: 0

                Hábito de Fumar,Contaminación por Humo de Tabaco,Legislación,Poluição por Fumaça de Tabaco,Legislação,Smoking,Tobacco Smoke Pollution,Legislation

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